What Is Denatured Alcohol

Denatured alcohol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) made unfit for human consumption by adding one or more chemicals (denaturants) to it. Denaturing refers to removing a property from the alcohol (being able to drink it), not to chemically altering or decomposing it, so denatured alcohol contains ordinary ethyl alcohol. Why Is Alcohol Denatured? Why take a pure product and make it toxic? Basically, its because alcohol is regulated and taxed by many governments. Pure alcohol, if it was used in household products, would offer a much less expensive and readily available source of ethanol for drinking.  If alcohol wasnt denatured, people would drink it. What Denatured Alcohol Looks Like In some countries,  denatured alcohol must be colored blue or purple using an aniline dye, in order to distinguish it from consumption-grade ethanol. In the United States, for example, denatured alcohol need not be colored, so you cant tell whether alcohol is pure or not simply by looking at it. What Happens If You Drink Denatured Alcohol? Short answer: nothing good! In addition to the effects  of  the alcohol, youd experience effects from the other chemicals in the mixture. The exact nature of the effects depends on the denaturing agent. If methanol is the agent, possible effects include nervous system and other organ damage, increased risk of cancer, and possibly death. Other denaturing agents carry risks, plus many products also contain perfumes and dyes not intended for human consumption. Some of these toxic compounds can be removed by distilling the alcohol, but others have boiling points close enough to ethanol that its unlikely an inexperienced distiller could remove them to the point where the product would be safe for human consumption. However, the distillation  of a fragrance-free, dye-free product might be a viable option if alcohol is to be used  in  laboratory situations. Denatured Alcohol Chemical Composition There are hundreds of ways ethanol is denatured. Denatured alcohol that is intended for use as a fuel or solvent typically contains 5% or more methanol. Methanol is flammable and has a  boiling point close  to that of ethanol. Methanol is absorbed through the skin and is highly toxic, so you really shouldnt  use denatured alcohol for making perfume or bath products.   Examples of Products Containing Denatured Alcohol Youll find denatured alcohol in reagent alcohol for use in labs,  hand sanitizer, rubbing alcohol, and fuel for alcohol lamps. Its also found in cosmetics and other personal care products. Denatured Alcohol for Cosmetics and Labs Denatured alcohol for use in cosmetics often contains water and a bittering agent (Bitrex or Aversion which are denatonium benzoate or denatonium saccharide), but other chemicals are sometimes used. Other common additives include (but are not limited to) isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, pyridine, benzene, diethyl phthalate, and naphtha. Now that you know about denatured alcohol, you may be interested in learning about the  ingredients in rubbing alcohol  or  how you can purify alcohol  yourself using the simple process of distillation.

The Hebrew And Christian Religious Traditions Essay

The Hebrew and Christian religious traditions have a storied history of experiencing revelations, specifically Apocalyptic writings. Some examples of these visions include, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, John’s Revelation, and Julian’s Revelations of Love. Yet, the question remains, how credible these revelations are, especially the newer ones? If the Old Testament is taken as credible, then the New Testament and any subsequent writings must align with the Old Testament. Isaiah’s apocalyptic and messianic prophecies are centered in Isaiah 24 through 27. Isaiah â€Å"twist its surface (24:1).† Chapter 24 focuses on the destruction of the City of Chaos that is to come. When the City of Chaos is judged, so will the kings of the earth and the hosts of heaven, and they will be shut up in a prison and punished. Chapter 25 discusses the banquet of the Lord that will take place on a mountain. This banquet will have rich foods and well-aged wines and â€Å"he wi ll swallow up death forever (Isaiah 25:8).† Chapter 26 shows a hymn that focuses on God’s justice, and chapter 27 is a song of the new vineyard, which is a reference to an earlier chapter. Interestingly, Isaiah says, â€Å"On that day the LORD with his cruel and great and strong sword will punish Leviathan the fleeing serpent, Leviathan the twisting serpent, and he will kill the dragon that is in the sea (27:1).† Earlier, however, Isaiah was granted a vision of the throne room of God. In chapter 6, Isaiah describes God sitting on hisShow MoreRelatedThe Influences On Western Civilization1559 Words   |  7 PagesInfluences on Western Civilization by the Hebrew-Christian and Greco-Roman Traditions Western Civilization, as it is known today, is a coalescence of various cultures, ideologies, and practices that have been preserved over centuries of human life. Although a countless number of societies have influenced Western Civilization, Hebrew-Christian civilizations and Greco-Roman civilizations have been the two most influential. Both of these civilizations and their traditions have left equally deep and long-lastingRead MoreThe Differences Between Christianity And Christianity1567 Words   |  7 Pagesprophetic figure that has come to spread Gods word. These similarities are important since they allow for a point of comparison in these three faiths. The figure of Muhammad in the Muslim faith is known to non-muslims as the founder of the islamic tradition, but to muslims is the last prophet sent to earth by God. The figure of Moses is the most important prophet in Judaism. The figure of Jesus also known as the Messiah in christianity is viewed as the son of God who was sent d own to earth to redeemRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Christianity891 Words   |  4 Pageswould become fractured into Jews and Christians. This would lead to cause contention and religions confusion for thousands of years Judaism and Christianity are both monotheistic religions that have similar core values and principles; however despite these similarities there are differences in practice and traditions that have caused ethnic and religious conflicts that often overshadows their connection. Historical events such as the expulsion of Jews due to religious persecution in European countriesRead MoreIn Judaism, GodS Word Is Found In The Hebrew Bible (Or1524 Words   |  7 PagesIn Judaism, God s word is found in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament), written entirely in Hebrew, except for a few chapters or verses that are in Aramaic, the Semitic language related to Hebrew. This is the most transled and most read worldwide book. The Bible is divided into: Torah (the fiv e books of Moses), Nevi’im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (writings, Psalms). In rabbinic literature the word Torah it is common to refer to the entire Bible. The sacred book of Judaism is the Torah, which consistsRead MoreThe Ashkenazim, the Sephardim and the Mizrahim Jews Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups set up new lives in foreign countries and had to grow accustomed to their traditions and beliefs. The Ashkenazim settled mainly in Germany and spoke Yiddish while the Sephardim settled mainly in Spain and spoke their own distinct language, a combination of Hebrew and Spanish, known as Latino. Ladino is written using Hebrew letters and is still spoken among the Sephardi community today. Both groups spoke Hebrew although slightly differently. The Sephardic Jews are sometimes split into two sub-groupsRead MoreEssay on The Sister Religions580 Words   |  3 Pagestheir calendar on an important event in their respective histories. The Jewish people begin their calendar at the cre ation of the world by the Creator. The Christians and Muslims, however, begin their calendars with an important event in the life of their founders. For Christians, it was his birth, and for Muslims, his pilgrimage. The Christian calendar is widely used today all over the world, and most especially in the west, while usage of the calendars of the other two is restricted to followersRead MoreChristianity, Religion Based On The Life And Teachings Of Christianity1536 Words   |  7 PagesA Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christà ³s, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach. There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. It is also used as a label to identify peopleRead MoreChristianity : The World And Judaism1290 Words   |  6 Pageshave come to do Your will, O God† (Hebrews 10:7), He was saying that as written in the scriptures he was there to follow his father’s desired will. The people look to Jesus as an authority and he looks to God as his. Christianity is a practice and lifestyle and Christ is their model to follow. Christians also look at the written works as a way of studying and practicing their religion. Jesus was known for often quoting Jewish scriptures to his people. In Hebrews, Paul, the author, signifies theRead MoreThe Middle East: The Birthplace of Three Major World Religions834 Words   |  4 PagesJews, Christians, and Muslims may seem, these three religion s are similar because they all began in the same region and built upon similar beliefs. Since the Middle East is the birthplace of three related major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, these religions share similarities that bind them together, such as monotheism, prophets and teachings, similarities that are very important in Middle Eastern politics today. Judaism grew out of the beliefs of the ancient Hebrew peopleRead MoreReflection of Juduasm Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism is a religious tradition with origins dating back nearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient region of Canaan, which is now known as the land between Israel and Palestine. Judaism did not emerge until the 1st century C.E. Judaism traces its heritage to the covenant God made with Abraham and his lineage that God would make them a sacred people and give them a holy land. The primary characters of Israelite culture include the great patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophet Moses

Efficient Management Of The Business Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Efficient Management Of The Business. Answer: Introduction to the interview Efficient management of the business enterprises helps the organization in making improvements. In order to understand the steps that a manger must take while bringing about the change an interview with a manager is being stimulated. The interview that was undertaken will help in understanding the steps that are being undertaken by the manager in bringing about the change in the organizational structure. The interview was taken of a manager who was working for a multinational company. The interview revealed the issues that were faced by the manager in resolving the issues faced by the organization in bringing about the change. The discussion that follows is based on the interview that was undertaken of the manager and the steps and procedures that the manager undertook in order to make use of themanagement systems. Planning process of the organization The planning process of the organization was undertaken by the manager in order to make sure that the organization expands uniformly based on the requirements of the consumers. The execution of the plan is based on the consumers requirements of the products and the type of services. The planning process is being undertaken based on the modifications that the organization must undertake in its range of products in order to gain sustenance in the market (Cummings and Worley 2014). According to the manager, the organization that is aimed at improving its market situation must bring about changes in its structure and orientation. The changes that are being undertaken by the organization is based on the planning process of the organization. The most important changes that are being planned by the organization help in determining the situation of the organization in the market. The planning process of the organization involves the ways in which the organizational goals can be achieved thro ugh the strategies. The strategies help in determining the abilities of the company to adapt to the change that is required to be undertaken (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). The planning process is helped by the market analysis, which determines the fields in which the change must be undertaken. Leading the company Leading the company is not an easy task based on the statements made by the manager. The leadership style of themanagement affects the functioning of the organization to the great extent (Bolman and Deal 2017). The efficient leader must be able to judge the condition of the organization and the leadership style that the leader must take in order to bring improvements in the organizational situation (Refer to the Appendice 2). The leadership style helps the organization in making the rightful decisions and thereby makes changes in the organizational structure. Moreover, the manager also stated that the leadership style helps in keeping the employees motivated and focused on their job role. Organizing the company Organizing the company is again another important concept that is being discussed by the manager. According to the manager, the organizing capabilities help the company in centralizing the workforce and streamlining the effects of the organization on the market. The manager must monitor over the communication that is being undertaken by the employees and implement the ideas on the management of the organization (Too and Weaver 2014). Moreover, the manager also promotes integration between the different departments in order to enhance the smooth functioning of the business operations. The integration of the departments is being facilitated by the proper communication, which helps in determining the change in the market structure of the organization. Controlling the change The manager is responsible for controlling the change that is being undertaken by the organization. The changes that are being undertaken by the organization is being facilitated by the services of the employees in favor of the organization. Therefore, in order to bring about the change, the manager must keep the employees motivated and streamlined which is based on achieving the common objective of the organization (SEO et al. 2012). The change that is being undertaken by the organization is based on the requirements of sustenance of the organization in the market. on the other hand, the adherence of the organization to the change in the needs and requirements of the consumers is an important factor that must be ensured. Controlling the change as per the requirements of the organization relating to its progress is the most important function of the manager (Kerzner 2013). The change in the organizational structure must be controlled and adopted in order to convince the employees of the change in the structure and their functioning. It is the function of the manager to make the people aware of the change and gradually adapt to the change. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. SEO, M.G., Taylor, M.S., Hill, N.S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P.E. and Lorinkova, N.M., 2012. The role of affect and leadership during organizational change.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.121-165. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394

Wordsworths Use Of Nature Essays - British Poetry,

Wordsworth's Use Of Nature William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, West Cumberland, located in the northern part of England's Lake District. This area of England is famous for its splendid array of natural landscape. After losing his mother when he was just eight years old, Wordsworth was sent to live with Ann Tyson, who allowed Wordsworth to freely roam the beautiful countryside near Esthwaite Lake. The freedom Ann Tyson gave young Wordsworth allowed him to experience nature, and led him to a deep affinity and love for it. As critic Matthew Arnold says in his essay on Wordsworth, ?It is Wordsworth's relationship with nature that regards him as one of the most important poets of the Romantic period, allowing him to create great poetry because of the extraordinary power in which he feels joy is offered in nature?and because of the power in which he shows us this joy and renders it? (Encarta Encyclopedia online criticism). In 1798, the fist edition of Lyrical Ballads was published. Although the work incorporates some of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry, the majority of the pomes belong to Wordsworth. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth was able to publicly proclaim his belief of the importance of nature. The following paragraphs discuss some of Wordsworth's poems, as found in the 1802 edition of Lyrical Ballads, and how they reflect Wordsworth's use of nature. The first poem I will discuss is Wordsworth's ?Ode: Intimations of Immortality.? The theme of the poem deals with childhood memories of nature incorporating into the adult mind. The poem focuses on Wordsworth's belief that life on earth is a faint silhouette of an untainted existence recollected in childhood, yet it is forgotten through Rierson 2 the process of becoming an adult. In the first stanza, the speaker reflectively says there was a time when all of nature seemed dreamlike, yet that time has past. In the second stanza, the speaker says he still sees the rainbow, and the rose is still lovely. He says the moon looks across the sky with pleasure, and the ?sunshine is a glorious birth? (1.16). In the third stanza, while listening to birds sing and watching lambs play, the speaker is wounded with a painful thought, but the sound of a nearby waterfall and the music of the gusting wind brings back his strength. He announces his sadness will no longer ruin his experience. In the fourth stanza, the speaker announces to nature that his heart takes part in the blissful celebration surrounding him, and he is wrong to feel sullen on such a sweet May morning. However, a field in the distance and a pansy at his feet makes him think of something that is gone? (4.53). He asks what has happened to the visionary gleam,? and wonders, ?W here is it now, the glory and the dream? (4.56-57). The speaker of the poem is at odds with nature, yet Wordsworth consciously constructed the poem in this fashion to make the speaker an example of how unhappy a man can be if he is not connected with nature. Understanding that his grief comes from his inability to experience the May morning, as he would have as a child, the speaker attempts to be joyful. However, he is only able to experience happiness when he realizes he does possess the ability to understand nature. My next example of Wordsworth's use of nature is found in his poem ?I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.? The speaker of the poem relates himself to a cloud. He says he is wandering like a cloud floating above hills and valleys when he sees a host of daffodils beside a lake. The dancing flowers flutter along the lake's shore, while the waves of the Rierson 3 lake dance beside them. The speaker says, ?A poet could not but be gay,?(15) in such a joyful company of flowers. The speaker goes on to say that he gazed and gazed, but thought little of the wealth the scene would bring him. But now, whenever he feels vacant or pensive, (20) the memory of the dancing daffodils flashes upon that inward eye / That is the bliss of solitude, (21) his heart fills with pleasure, and dances

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such as da ta generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for plan ning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievement of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of intervention that is justified by the following reasons. First, planning helps in correcting market failure (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). A free market is considered to have failed if it cannot facilitate efficient and equitable distribution of goods. Public goods are often not provided by the private market because they are non-rivalrious and non-appropriable. This leads to market failure that can be avoided through planning for the provision of public goods. Second, planning helps in the prevention of negative externalities such as pollution (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). Third, the government can prevent the prisoner’s dilemma by mobilizing the citizens to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal. The prisoner’s dilemma is a situation where a person cannot achieve a certain objective by acting independently. Finally, planning helps in addressing the problem of the tragedy of the commons that occurs when a shared resource is depleted due to uncontrolled usage by its beneficiaries. This problem can be eliminated through plans that either regulate the use of the resource or expand it in response to the increase in demand. The Rational Synoptic Approach to Planning In synoptic planning, the systems perspective is adopted to articulate and to solve planning problems. This involves using mathematical models that establish the link between ends and means (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). Ends refer to the objectives that planners intend to achieve through planning, whereas means refer to the available resources and the constraints associate d with the planning process. The effectiveness of synoptic planning depends on the availability of quantitative data and analytical tools that enable planners to achieve their objectives. The synoptic planning process has four stages. In the first stage, planners set the goals that they intend to achieve through planning. The second stage involves identification of the policies that can be employed to achieve the objectives of the plan (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). At the third stage, the available resources (means) are evaluated against the identified objectives (ends). The fourth stage involves implementation of the policy identified in stage two. It is worth noting that planners do not have to follow these stages sequentially since they are intertwined.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the synoptic approach is superior to other planning methods in terms of simplicity, it has several weaknesses. To begin with, synoptic planning promotes centralization of planning activities such as problem definition and decision-making, thereby reducing the participation of the public in the planning process (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). The synoptic approach fails to acknowledge the fact that some planners have cognitive limits that hinder them from developing optimum solutions. The synoptic approach is also criticized because it presumes the general public interest instead of the pluralist interest. Process Verses Outcome The democratic proceduralists believe that process is the most important element of planning. Thus, planners should always focus on following democratic procedures to develop plans that lead to achievement of public interest. This perspective is opposed by the Kantian idealists who believe that the most important aspect of planning is its outcome. In this regard, planners should foc us on the outcomes rather than the procedures used to achieve them. A third perspective in this debate is that planners should use any means to achieve their objectives as long as their intentions are ethical. They should focus on revolutionary change by developing new plans to replace existing ones. Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) argues that process and outcomes or ends and means should not be considered as separate elements of the planning process. He further states that both process and outcome are important in planning. Thus, planners should not focus on process at the expense of outcome and vice versa. In my view, both process and outcome are important in planning. However, democratic procedures should be followed only if they lead to achievement of the interests of the public. Similarly, the expected outcome of planning should be considered acceptable only if it is likely to satisfy the needs of the citizens. The Goodness of New York City According to Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-4 71), a good city is characterized with the flourishing of the human population, multiplicity, and good governance. The human population flourishes if the city has adequate housing, social provision, remunerated work, and affordable healthcare. In New York City, majority of the residents have housing and jobs. However, healthcare is not affordable since a large number of residents still lack health insurance to access medical services.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multiplicity refers to â€Å"an autonomous civil life relatively free from direct supervision and control by the state† (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has met this criterion since the statutes of New York State and the constitution of the United States protect the citizens’ right to liberty and speech. This has led to the development of a vibrant civil life in New York City. The residents are free to form organizations to articulate their challenges without the interference of the state or government. Governance refers to the procedures used to make and enforce binding decisions in cities (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has good governance that focuses on transparency and responsiveness to the needs of the citizens. The governance is also inclusive since citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of policies that affect their lives through consultations. The political leaders in the city are directly elected by the citizens b ased on their inspiration and ability to create a shared vision for the electorate. In sum, New York is a good city since it has most of the attributes identified by Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471). References Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 121-130. Friedmann, J. (2000). The good city: In defense of utopian thinking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 460-471. Galloway, T., Mahayni, R. (1977). Planning theory in retrospect: The progress of paradigm change. Journal of the American Planning Association, 43(1), 62-69. Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town Planning Review, 63(2), 143-162. Hudson, B. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions . Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 387-396. Normativity in urban planning. (n.d). Web.

Prehistoric Life During the Paleogene Period

Prehistoric Life During the Paleogene Period The 43 million years of the Paleogene period represent a crucial interval in the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles, which were free to occupy new ecological niches after the demise of the dinosaurs following the K/T Extinction Event. The Paleogene was the first period of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present), followed by the Neogene period (23-2.6 million years ago), and is itself divided into three important epochs: the Paleocene (65-56 million years ago), the Eocene (56-34 million years ago) and the Oligocene (34-23 million years ago). Climate and Geography. With some significant hiccups, the Paleogene period witnessed a steady cooling of the earths climate from the hothouse conditions of the preceding Cretaceous period. Ice began to form at both the North and South poles and seasonal changes were more pronounced in the northern and southern hemispheres, which had a significant impact on plant and animal life. The northern supercontinent of Laurasia gradually broke apart into North America in the west and Eurasia in the east, while its southern counterpart Gondwana continued to fracture into South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica, all of which began drifting slowly to their present positions. Terrestrial Life Mammals. Mammals didnt suddenly appear on the scene at the start of the Paleogene period; in fact, the first primitive mammals originated in the Triassic period, 230 million years ago. In the absence of dinosaurs, though, mammals were free to radiate into a variety of open ecological niches. During the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, mammals still tended to be fairly small but had already started evolving along definite lines: the Paleogene is when you can find the earliest ancestors of whales, elephants, and odd- and even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). By the Oligocene epoch, at least some mammals had begun to grow to respectable sizes, though they werent nearly as impressive as their descendants of the ensuing Neogene period. Birds. During the early part of the Paleogene period, birds, and not mammals, were the dominant land animals on earth (which shouldnt be all that surprising, given that they had evolved from recently extinct dinosaurs). One early evolutionary trend was toward large, flightless, predatory birds like Gastornis, which superficially resembled meat-eating dinosaurs, as well as the meat-eating avians known as terror birds, but subsequent eons saw the appearance of more diverse flying species, which were similar in many respects to modern birds. Reptiles. Although dinosaurs, pterosaurs and marine reptiles had gone completely extinct by the start of the Paleogene period, the same wasnt true for their close cousins, the crocodiles, which not only managed to survive the K/T Extinction but actually flourished in its aftermath (while retaining the same basic body plan). The deepest roots of snake and turtle evolution can be located in the later Paleogene, and small, inoffensive lizards continued to scurry underfoot. Marine Life Not only the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago; so did their vicious marine cousins, the mosasaurs, along with the last remaining plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. This sudden vacuum at the top of the marine food chain naturally spurred the evolution of sharks (which had already been around for hundreds of millions of years, though in smaller sizes). Mammals had yet to venture fully into the water, but the earliest, land-dwelling ancestors of whales prowled the Paleogene landscape, most notably in central Asia, and may have had semi-amphibious lifestyles. Plant Life Flowering plants, which had already made a cameo appearance toward the end of the Cretaceous period, continued to flourish during the Paleogene. The gradual cooling of the earths climate paved the way for vast deciduous forests, mostly on the northern continents, with jungles and rainforests increasingly restricted to equatorial regions. Toward the end of the Paleogene period, the first grasses appeared, which would have a significant impact on animal life during the ensuing Neogene period, spurring the evolution of both prehistoric horses and the saber-toothed cats that preyed on them.

Compare and contrast Poes Prospero to Alan Stanford Essay

Compare and contrast Poes Prospero to Alan Stanford - Essay Example For prince Prospero the external world could take care of itself while he took care of himself. Once prince Prospero’s territory became half depopulated instead of attempting to save the remaining population he summons a thousand hale and light hearted friends of his court and retires into the deep seclusion of the crenellated abbeys. The rooms of the palace are decorated in single colors. The room which is the eastern most is decorated in blue along with blue stained glass windows. The next room with purple and in this pattern the rooms westward continued to be designed with the color scheme of green, orange, white and violet. The seventh room is designed in black and red windows along with an ebony clock. The pendulum swung with a dull monotonous clang that struck a sound that was loud and deep and with a peculiar note that enabled the orchestra pause their performance and to hearken to the sound wherein the waltzers grew pale and confused. Once the chimes had stopped laughter once again pervaded the gathering. Midnight opens up the doors for a new guest who is mysterious and ghoulishly dressed and whose face is resembles a corpse with spots of blood. Indeed this guest has been a victim of Red Death. Prospero naturally is angry when the character is void of humor and levity and who crashes the party, â€Å""Who dares"--he demanded hoarsely of the courtiers who stood near him--"who dares insult us with this blasphemous mockery? Seize him and unmask him--that we may know whom we have to hang, at sunrise, from the battlements!" (Poe, 1984) This nameless awe did indeed inspire the party but none had the courage to put forth their hand to seize him. â€Å"But first let me tell of the rooms in which [the masquerade] was held.† (Poe, 1984) Unimpeded this guest stealthy moved around and made his way around uninterruptedly but with the same solemn and measured step which had distinguished him from the first, through the blue chamber to the