Iceland education. Learning in Scandinavia

Iceland training. Learning in Scandinavia Workmanship teaches in Iceland There are a couple of foundations in Iceland that give a traditional workmanship training, which is perfect for degree searchers, music fans and theater darlings the same. Here is the rundown of the most mainstream foundations, concentrated on craftsmanship and workmanship disciplines, which will permit you to get a global recognition. Iceland Academy of the Arts. To apply to Iceland Academy of the Arts, you must be a top understudy with astounding evaluations. After you finish optional school, you can compose an inspiration letter to the application place and check whether your positioning is sufficient to pass. Afterward, they permit you to enlist with what might be compared to a similar program. You can contemplate music, engineering, move, plan and theater, and take part in music exercises, as Iceland Academy is known for its assortment of inventive classes. They are totally formed to accommodate your bustling calendar, and you can join examining present day hit the dance floor with structural styles. Akureyri School of Visual Arts. The individuals who look to get a confirmation in expressive arts in Akureyri, should initially finish the 180 units of preparing. At that point, you continue to the following phase of the program, where you are given a decision to pick a course in free expressions. The assorted variety of the subjects will make your jaw drop: you can be a picture taker, an architect, an oil painter, a realistic modeler or a researcher, occupied with proficient composition, contingent upon your majors. You will get a recognition following three years of contemplating, and the rundown of subjects that must be remembered for the assessment program is moderate. For all we know, Akureyri School of Visual Arts is well known for its adaptable timetable and elective courses, which are not mandatory, conversely with different colleges of a similar range. The Reykjavik School of Visual Arts. This is certifiably not a run of the mill school you hope to experience when you apply for a course. It gives craftsmanship training to grown-ups, understudies and kids, who wish to gain proficiency with the nuts and bolts of structure. The school offers a course in three primary subjects. These are molding, outlining and drawing. Each and every individual who needs extra classes, can apply for another program, which incorporates every one of the three controls consolidated. On the off chance that you don’t have the chance to concentrate full-time, Reykjavik School of Visual Arts can assist you with that, fitting a calendar that is close to home, and helping you with test readiness. Low maintenance workers can likewise go to gather gatherings to talk about the course subjects, and make changes to the semester program, if vital. These gatherings have a subjective reason, as well, as understudies investigate the assortment of the school’s network and join with the class. Curiously, Reykjavik School of Visual Arts figured out how to join national conventions with European qualities, giving understudies a range of exercises that keep them roused and energetic about the up and coming semester. This is done so as to keep up Iceland culture and grow better approaches for correspondence between students, who didn’t have a chance to investigate Reykjavik previously. As an understudy, you can pick the clay craftsman study program, adding subjects of your jumping at the chance to the timetable and procuring grades. The Agricultural University of Iceland. This college is a Mecca for future fashioners in horticulture, as it offers a course in Landscape Planning and Architecture. All the more critically, on the off chance that you don’t realize Scandinavian dialects all around ok to inundate in the instructive procedure, you can take the program in English, and get a recognition following three years of study. In excess of 100 credits are given to the students at the college, and it is a full-time program, which requires a specific information on visual communication and farming.

Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics Essays

Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics Essays Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics Paper Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics Paper Particularly common to the conversation of ecological harm brought about by validity are asset based economies including Canada, where the centralization of crude materials, for example, wood, oil and coal have made one of a kind moral predicaments. Current society must expect to figure out which moral limits to set for organizations that won't excessively blow up working expenses, yet will diminish the effect of business on the earth. Organizations have a guardian obligation to investors so as to keep their business serious, however should likewise understand their commitment to keep up natural measures for the conservation of our general public and earth. This article looks to plot ecological worries in three significant Canadian regular asset enterprises including oil and gas, mining and timber. Moreover, appropriate parts of the contemporary lawful structure planned for diminishing natural harm brought about by organizations will be examined. At last, potential answers for these natural concerns and techniques for improving our legitimate structure will be broke down. Eventually, coming up next is an assessment of lacks in business morals as they relate to the earth and how we as a general public can improve. Issue Scope Canadian Oil Industry: The oil business in Canada has outweighed everything else in contemporary media in regards to its effect on the earth. In Canada oil speaks to an essential monetary item, with the business for digging and oil representing roughly 7% of total national output (Statistics Canada, 2013). Canadas oil and gas industry which lives basically in the region of Alberta is normally alluded to as the Tar Sands and has gotten brutal analysis locally and globally over their approach of extricating oil and gas. Issues related with the oil and gas division in Canada incorporate those holding to the investigation, boring, improvement, creation, and decommissioning exercises required to remove the crude material to be sold industrially. Investigation exercises allude to the way toward finding oil and gas, which as a rule requires the use of acoustic hardware. Acoustic clamor has been recognized as an essential issue associated with the investigation of oil and gas (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Acoustic commotion alludes to the way toward making enormous sound waves utilizing instruments such explosive for seismic sensors to decipher. The consequences of utilizing explosives and different indecencies equipped for making these sound waves can be troublesome to the environments encompassing oil and gas fields. So also, the air quality encompassing locales where investigation exercises are happening can be imperiled (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). The instruments used to gather seismic including explosive, moving hardware and fumes from appropriate apparatus can make air quality issues, further fueling the issues talked about above (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Diminished air quality can substantially affect the natural life and biological systems encompassing potential drill locales. Also, the moving gear utilized in assessing potential penetrating areas can cause soil pressure and harm bringing about poor air circulation, porousness and water holding capacities of soil (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). The second period of separating petroleum gas and unrefined petroleum incorporates boring and growing great locales. Penetrating and improvement of oil and gas wells brings about noteworthy harm to the earth because of the mechanical idea of the extraction procedure. Air quality is a significant issue during the boring ND advancement stage as discharges produced by vehicles, diesel powered apparatus, generators, impacting exercises and blending cement can seriously affect the regular living spaces encompassing drill destinations (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Notwithstanding air quality issues, unsafe materials and waste administration are another territory of natural worry in respects the creation of oil and gas (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Perilous materials including the spillage of raw petroleum have become a significant issue confronting the business. Particularly relevant to the blackout of unsafe materials is the generally present day extraction procedure utilized in the oil and gas industry called franking. Franking includes the extraction of flammable gas utilizing artificially treated water which is siphoned into shale arrangements or coal beds (Commission, 2013). It is evaluated that more than one million liters of this artificially treated water might be required during the way toward franking a solitary well (Commission, 2013). These discoveries have lead to convictions that the franking procedure might be causing water tainting above and subterranean because of the nearness of risky Heimlich in the water used by oil and gas organizations (Commission, 2013). The last advance during the time spent oil and gas extraction identifies with creation, transportation and decommissioning of oil and gas related resources (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). In the first place, delivering oil and gas from penetrated wells is a convoluted procedure including a lot of overwhelming hardware and regularly happens under not exactly perfect conditions. With the enormous interest for fuel in contemporary society oil and gas organizations have been compelled to build creation rates. The expanded creation rate has deed to the exhaustion of numerous coastal oil and gas saves. In like manner, oil and gas organizations have as of late focused on saves in seaward areas, for example, the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico. While huge stores of oil and gas do exist in these remote areas, the trouble and specialized skill required to effectively remove them makes a large number of provokes identified with the earth. In 201 0 the world saw the threats related with seaward oil and gas creation when British Petroleum (BP) encountered the Departed Horizon oil slick. The occasion featured the aptitude required to effectively procure seaward saves and the potential repercussions of neglecting to use legitimate safe watchmen while delivering seaward oil and gas. The aftereffects of the spill were terrible with oil littering coast lines encompassing the Gulf of Mexico. The spill brought about such massive normal decimation that following case BP was requested to experience a broad cleanup of the encompassing districts and give money related repayment to residents who had lost pay because of the demolition of marine regions encompassing the Gulf of Mexico. In spite of the fact that this industry model falls outside of Canada, comparable sensuality have been made toward the Canadian oil and gas industry coming about because of corporate activities planned for building across the nation pipelines that would push Alberta to mobiles its unrefined petroleum so as to arrive at new beneficial remote markets. Issue Scope Canadian Lumber Industry: The timber business speaks to another driving supporter of total national output in Canada, representing around 1% of national GAP (Statistics Canada, 2009). Timber has been reaped to deliver mash and paper all through Canadas history. Paper fabricating started in Canada during the 1 backtalk and was made utilizing wood mash (Wellington, 997). The business started to prosper in the 1 asss in Ontario and sasss in British Colombia, turning into the backbone of the Atlantic Canadian economy (Wellington, 1997). Regardless of the overall significance of the timber business in Canada, the assortment of wood as a crude material and the offer of wood items for business purposes made various natural concerns. The business utilizations of timber have brought about the broad away from of woods so as to flexibly processes. The timbers processes likewise speak to a significant supporter of air and water contamination. Plants delivering drained mash in Canada have attracted extraordinary analysis ongoing years over allegations that synthetic compounds used to make dyed mash were in effect inappropriately released into the regular habitat (Wellington, 1997). The demonstration of removing lumber is making fringe harm to the earth, including soil disintegration. Timberlands assume a significant job in sifting water and holding soil set up. Because of the away from of many forested zones soil disintegration has made vacillations in the progression of Water during different Seasons of the year. The consequence of clear cutting timberlands and soil disintegration incorporate periods f exceptional flooding or dry season (Forest Monitor). These times of dry spell can bring about horrible showing in other agrarian enterprises which depend on precipitation to develop yields, for example, the potato, canola and corn ventures. Timberland fires speak to a second fringe natural concern identified with the away from of woods in Canada (Forest Monitor). Studies have as of late recognized that huge numbers of the enormous scope timberland fires noticeable in contemporary media have been the immediate outcome or exacerbated by the logging businesses clear cutting practices (Forest Monitor). Additionally, signing in Canada has made significant harm the marine environment. Flotsam and jetsam brought about by logging have made harm neighborhood waterways and in the end the encompassing seas where they add to the pulverization of mangroves and coral reefs, which speak to natural surroundings pivotal for the flourishing of sea-going life (Forest Monitor). Issue Scope Canadian Mining Industry: Mining is an enormous supporter of Canadian total national output and like the oil and wood enterprises with respect to ecological danger. A few types of mining exist including open pit mining, under

Beyond The Birds And The Bees 4 Sex Books To Teach You Something New

Beyond The Birds And The Bees 4 Sex Books To Teach You Something New While we at the Riot take some time off to rest and catch up on our  reading, were re-running some of our  favorite posts from the last several months. Enjoy our highlight reel, and well be back with new stuff on Monday, January 11th. This post originally ran November 3, 2015. _________________________ Sexual education. It seems that no matter how great or thorough the curriculum your eighth grade phys ed/health/science teacher used there’s still something you have questions about. Maybe it’s because your educator focused on cisgender straight folks. Maybe it’s because you overheard someone at brunch mention a body part that you didn’t even know existed. Whatever the reason we’ve all got questions and thankfully there are books to give us some answers. To get you started here are four sex books books about topics that might not have been covered back in eighth grade. Girl Sex 101  (Allison Moon and kd diamond) When Girl Sex 101 came out earlier this year it felt like everyone but my grandmother was talking about it. I finally got a copy last week and now I get what all the hubbub was about. Allison Moon’s anecdotal, warm writing style combined with kd diamond’s bold illustrations come together to create a smart and accessible guide that covers a whole wide range of topics from safer-sex to harnesses to consent. On both personal and professional notes I appreciate Moon’s commitment to including trans women in a book about girl/girl sex. While her effort to be inclusive did at times produce some awkward phrasing this is one of those sex books that is miles ahead of most of its competitors; in part because she places cis and trans experiences together instead of putting trans women in one chapter and focusing the rest of the book on cis women. Short essays from other educators and activists (such as Tobi Hill-Meyer, Nina Hartley, and Claudia Astorino) are sprinkled throughout. Fucking Trans Women: A Zine About The Sex Lives Of Trans Women  (Mira Bellweather) I’m going to skip over my whole “READING THIS WAS A WAVE OF WONDERFUL REAFFIRMING EMOTIONS”-spiel and just give you the facts: Originally published as a zine FTW was the first book (or at least the first I can find that gained wide recognition) to address the sex lives of trans women. Part how-to guide, part philosophizing on sex and bodies this book addresses questions that I, an actual transsexual lady, didn’t even know I had. If you enjoy FTW you’ll be happy to hear that there’s a second volume of the zine that’s supposed to be showing up sometime soon. Come as You Are: The Surprising New Science that Will Transform Your Sex Life  (Emily Nagoski) This is not the first time Come As You Are has been recommended on Book Riot but I’m just going to bring it back because it has so much great information packed into it. In light, jargon-free language Nagoski tackles cultural assumptions about how women’s brains react to sex and offers up new ways of understanding sex drive, arousal, and more. As you read Come As You Are, Nagoski’s years as an educator really come through as she works to break things down into easy to understand pieces with examples, analogies, and quick worksheets that come together to give us a better understanding of our bodies and our sexual identities. (I am going to add that this book is built on studies and experiments done with cisgender women which may be frustrating for some readers. Nagoski does acknowledge the way in which research has focused on cis women but I’ll allow the trans readers out there to decide for themselves how they feel about her language and framing.) The Seductive Art of Japanese Rope Bondage (Midori and Craig Morey) For many people who are looking to include ropework in their sex lives, the beautiful and intricate suspensions and knots found online can make this art seem like a daunting challenge. Thankfully, Midori is here to breakdown that fear and get us started. When people come into the sensuality shop I work at looking to get started with rope I have no hesitation about putting this book into their hands. Midori is a widely acknowledged expert in her field who has years of experience with safe and gorgeous rope bondage. She starts off the book with a thorough introduction that situates this art in a historical context and makes it clear that with The Seductive Art of Japanese Rope Bondage she’s offering a guide to practical rope bondage that the reader can use at home. While this book won’t make you a master of rope bondage, it will teach you the basics, give you some fun new things to incorporate into your sex life, and help you build a strong foundation to continue upon. What are your favorite sex books? Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

Mcdonald s For New Eating Option - 859 Words

Because of the revolution of lifestyle, people are starting to look for new eating option. In order to change customer’s impression, McDonald’s is trying to reposition their brand image by achieving following new objectives. âž ¢ Increasing family sales While the social demographic structure shows a downward trend on birth rate, parents tend to pay more attention on each child and wish to establish deep emotional bond. In order to maintain McDonald’s currently existing target segment-family, McDonald’s should focus more on providing experience to strengthen the relationship between parents and children. The value should not only be considered as provide food, but also an experience and a family time they shared. âž ¢ Attract business group In order to attract more customers, McDonald’s could pay more attention on the business group, which haven’t been targeted in fast food industry and is an essential and great potential one. Since McDonald’s is the first one embarking on cafà © section, McCafe, in fast food industry, this is a great opportunity for McDonald’s to extend its target segmentation. âž ¢ Provide more healthier meals option While there is no sign the high level of obesity has fallen, Americans tend to consume fewer calories, cholesterol and fat. The greater public awareness and healthier living style push the restaurant industry to produce more healthful offerings and McDonald’s is not an exception. Though McDonald’s usually is considered as a junk food index, it is time toShow MoreRelatedCase Study 3 Mcdonalds and Obesity1069 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study 4 McDonalds 1) How should Mac respond when ads promoting healthy lifestyle featuring Ronald McDonald are equated with Joe Camel and Cig ads? Should Mac eliminate Ronald McDonald in its ads? I do not believe it is necessary to eliminate Ronald McDonald as the mascot. The comparison to Joe Camel is rather unfair. Although McDonalds uses Ronald to market its unhealthily to children, it is not the same as smoking and getting addicted to cigarettes (Adage.com, 2016). McDonalds should usedRead MoreMcdonalds Innovation Ideas1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe McDonald’s corporation is one of the most known brands around the world. McDonald s has built its success around a formula of providing a range of standardized high quality products quickly and reasonably priced. Today, many people live busy lives and place great importance on convenience when buying and paying for goods and services. Modern, quick service products such as drive-in car washes, smart phones and fast meals attract this market. For many people, this emphasis on instant serviceRead MoreGeorge Ritzer s The Mcdonaldization Of Society1263 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess of which fast food principles of McDonald s influence and dominate other fast food chains. Restaurants have come to imbed themselves into society in every way. The first principle, predictability, is that you will find everything within your predicting capability. For example, the customer in the McDonald s can predict the food in McDonalds. You can find little to no differences between a McDonalds menu in New York than to a menu of a Mcdonald s in Ohio. This is done so that there canRead MoreHow Has Healthy Living Culture Brought About Changes in Fast Food Industry1163 Words   |  5 Pageshealthy living culture in the UK brought about changes in the fast food industry? Brands, menus and packaging. Packaging: As you can see from these two differing Big Mac packages McDonalds has had to change the appearance of its packaging in order to continue to compete with the new healthy living culture. McDonalds now puts full colour pictures of there burgers on the box, so as to give the impression that all the meat and other ingredients in the burger are genuine. By having the very pleasantRead MoreMcdonalds Case Study Analysis829 Words   |  4 PagesMcDonalds Case Overview: McDonalds have dominated the fast food world for years since their humble beginnings. Over the years they have proved the test of time and been the number one fast food restaurant in sales. Through dynamic market expansion, new products, and special promotional strategies they have been able to take over the world of fast food. McDonald’s is a completely global company that has been effective in catering to each need of a country they enter. In 1993 they opened a McCafeRead MoreFast Food are killing people1005 Words   |  5 PagesFast food chains are killing people â€Å"You want it, need it, you gotta have a taste of McDonald s burgers.† There are a lot of fast food offers that can catch our attention. They are great offers that can help us to save a lot of money, but what is behind cheap food? Fast food chains are killing people. They cheat their clients with sugar-free products, but they still have a lot of calories and fat. The offers that fast food provides customers are so good that they are becoming addicted. PeopleRead Moredont blame the eater1292 Words   |  6 Pagesargue that McDonalds is to blame for making them fat and there are limited options to not eat at fast food restaurants. Let us take Zinczenko for an example; he said, He grew up a typical 1980s latchkey kid (Zinczenko 391). His parents separated, and his dad was trying to re-establish his life alone, while his mom was functioning long hours just to pay the necessary monthly bills. Zinczenko said, lunch and dinner was a choice between a numerous of fast food pla ces such as: McDonalds, Taco BellRead MoreEssay about The Fast Food Health Scam 1564 Words   |  7 Pageshas supplied Americans with tasty, comforting food, quickly and at a low cost. It was not until recently, when the health craze first hit America in the late 1980’s that the corporations developed a new approach to marketing health food products to fit their customer’s wants (Nielsen). The most common fast food chains, such as McDonalds and Subway, started advertising â€Å"healthier† food items on their menus to continue appealing to the general public. While fast food restaurants give the impressionRead MoreMcdonald’s Case Analysis Essay606 Words   |  3 Pagesmcdonalds.com) COMPANY BACKGROUND: Richard and Maurice McDonald started the first restaurant to sell hamburgers, fries, and milk shakes. Then Ray A. Kroc opens his first McDonalds and decides that he could make more money by selling them milk-shake mixers. (Dess, 2010). Overtime they were able to continue to profit till Jim Skinner takes over as CEO and launches specialty beverages, including coffee-based drinks. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths: McDonalds seems to be recession proof. They seem to be ableRead More Health Hoax By Fast Food Companies Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesindustry has supplied Americans with tasty, comforting food, quickly and for a low cost. It was not until recently, when the health craze first hit America in the late 1980’s that the corporations developed a new approach to marketing their food products to fit their customer’s wants. Even the most common fast food chains, such as McDonalds and Subway started advertising â€Å"healthier† food items on their menus to continue appealing to the general public. While fast food restaurants give the impression of offer

The Revolution Of The 19th Century - 955 Words

In the late 18th century, the world was about to witness another revolution for democracy. After the United States emerged victorious in the quest for independence it would become an example to the world. France, America’s ally during the war, would be further crippled financially by this quest for independence, and in turn let the Third Estate, the third social class in French politics composed of lower class people, see this example. As France spiraled into moderate depression the people would revolt, resulting in the one of the bloodiest times in history. There were many reasons for this need of revolution in 18th century France. One was the higher aristocratic class’s lack of concern for the troubles of the Third Estate. An example of†¦show more content†¦Banksy has created works all over the world on controversial issues of today. It is also believed that each one of his works contains one of the following themes: modern behavior, animal treatment, the Isr aeli-Palestinian Crisis, the police state in Britain, and rats and monkeys (116). In 2008 Banksy made this piece in the United States, and it would later be named The Wall Street Rat: Let Them Eat Crack. On the blank side of a building at Broadway and Howard, the center Lower Manhattan in New York City, Banksy again voices his opinion publicly to the world. This time it took the form of a rat dressed in business attire with a briefcase filled with money. Next to this image is the phrase, â€Å"Let them eat crack† written in red paint. This can be directly linked to Marie Antoinette’s quote, but with a more modern twist. Both phrases are also being allegedly uttered by people of an elite class. In this case it is the wealthy business professional of America instead of the aristocratic royalty of France. The red paint can also symbolize blood, and can also be directly referencing that this can lead to a bloody revolution similar to France’s. The location also plays a key part. It is located in the heart of Lower Manhattan, the financial capital of America. Whether this is a call to arms to the lower class or a warning to the upper class is up for interpretation. Wh at this mural symbolizes is the inability of the upper classes to understand the

Feminism, Pregnancy, And The Workplace - 1068 Words

Throughout North American history, women have been struggling to integrate themselves into a male dominated society. The earlier struggle was to be recognized as people, and fighting for the right to vote. While the status on the former has yet to be resolved, modern-day feminists have shifted their view to fight for equality in the workplace. Today, women can face an undefinable number of obstacles in the workforce, from unequal pay, to sexual harassment, lack of representation, and little to no accommodation for maternity status. In the articles Engineering Ignorance and Debating Difference: Feminism, Pregnancy, and the Workplace, authors Suzanne Franzway, Rhonda Sharp, Julie E. Mills, Judith Gill, and Lise Vogel, respectively explore issues women face in their workplace. Franzway, Sharp, Mills, and Gill used Engineering Ignorance to speak about the lack of gender equality in engineering. Vogel explores issues surrounding maternity in the workplace. Though both articles have come t o the consensus that women face more obstacles in the workplace than men do, the two speak of two completely separate issues that feminists are attempting to eradicate. Most who have looked into the issue of feminism in the workplace understand that women must overcome many more struggles that men would in the workplace. The article, Engineering Ignorance (2009) states in the introduction that much of the work that women have done seems to become invisible to the eyes of society. ItShow MoreRelatedFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves aboveRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 20th Century1302 Words   |  6 Pagesis today. Some of the biggest movements to fight for women s equalities happened in the 20th century. People like Betty Friedan, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony helped to make it possible. In the 20th century there were two waves of feminism and third started in the 80’s but still continues today. I talk about the first and second wave in this essay. Then how these waves have changed the role of women in society. One of the first things to change the role of women in society was theRead MoreFirst Wave Feminism By Betty Friedan1171 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Knowledge: Second-wave feminism refers to the period of feminist activity that focused on social and legal issues of gender equality such as sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights and equal opportunity in education and the workplace. Source 1: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan In 1963, Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique was published. Friedan discussed the problem that â€Å"lay buried, unspoken† in the minds of the suburban housewife, saying that they were too sociallyRead MoreGender : History, Culture And Ideology Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pages#1 With reference to Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Freidan discuss the issues that were central to second wave feminism. Name: Shuruti Sharma Date: October 28, 2016. Course Code: HUMA 1951 Course Name: Introduction to Gender: History, Culture and Ideology TA: Catherine Swenson Student Number: 214474803 The concept of second wave feminism has constructed progressing ideologies that attempted to help women overcome gender constructed norms they have faced throughoutRead MoreThe Law That Can Not Discriminate Against Hiring An Individual Due For Pregnancy Related Illness1439 Words   |  6 Pagescompany, or even the taxpayer. In addition, it is now law that employers cannot discriminate against hiring an individual due to pregnancy, or pregnancy related illness, or disability. In ATT v. Hulteen, the Supreme Court heard of a case in which four workers claimed that they were discriminated against and that their pension was illegally reduced because of their pregnancy. The Court ruled against the four workers claiming that the Act protecting pregnant workers does not constitute redressing pastRead MoreGender Discrimination And Its Impact On Society1231 Words   |  5 Pagescertain opportunities. Discrimination, in one way or another, then becomes the stem of inequalities in certain areas - such as the workplace. Specifically for the female population in several countries. Gender discrimination has been documented in many cases around the world, notable situations such women fighting for the right to vote. This opened up a path of feminism that would come to influence future generations on gaining equality. Other cases including the amount of income and job opportunitiesRead MoreFeminism : Women And Women1316 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I need feminism because my mother prays that I marry a successful man more than she prays that I become successful† (Unknown). According to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, feminism is the belief that women and men should have equal rights and opportunities. The feminist revolution has come a long way, yet women are still being viewed as beneath men. Unfortunately, we are still living in a male dominated society. The work that is done by a man is still being seen as more significant and worthwhileRead More Feminism Essays1237 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism Works Cited Missing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feminism is the theory that men and women should be equal, politically, economically, and socially. There are many different types of feminism and each have a profound impact on someone’s view of society. The first is cultural feminism, which is the theory that there are fundamental personality differences between men and women, and that women’s differences are special. This theory supports the idea that there are biological differences between men and womenRead MoreThe Three Waves of Feminism1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Big Waves of Feminism First-Wave Feminism: Women’s Right to Vote In 1776, the then First Lady of the United States was the first to raise her about women’s rights, telling her husband to â€Å"remember the ladies† in his drafting of new laws, yet it took more than 100 years for men like John Adams to actually do so. With the help of half a dozen determined, and in this case white upper-middle-class, women the first-wave feminism, which spans from the 19th century to the early 20th centuryRead MoreFeminist Theory1248 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and or womens liberation. It includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. 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First Aid free essay sample

Autumn Price Assessing Risk In Sport Operating Procedures and Good Practices First Aid All companies and businesses will have people who are trained in first aid. First aid is in place to ensure that there is somebody there to deal with emergencies. If first aid cannot be administrated on the premises, it means that it should be moved to the hospital. It is important to have staff that are trained in first aid. There are courses available that people can take where they will learn how to, provide information to a more qualified person, prevent conditions worsening, promote recovery and most importantly preserve life. For example in Honeywell Sports centre, all members of the sporting staff are trained in first aid, this is to make sure that if anything does occur there will always be somebody there who can deal with it, as sports facilities are at a high risk for injuries and accidents. We will write a custom essay sample on First Aid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important that there are people who are trained, if they didn’t it could lead to legal action. This could be undertaken if there are no members of staff who are trained, or if somebody who isn’t qualified tries to deal with the situation. It is also important that there are first aid kits available, which have been checked so that they are always in date and always have the correct equipment in. Staff Training Legalisation, regulations and codes of practice are always changing; therefore it is important to have training so that the employees and the safety representatives are up to date. Regular training will ensure that the representatives always no exactly the best way and the up to date way to deal with situations. Staff training involves sending staff on appropriate seminars, courses and conferences. Internal training could also be put in place for duties specific to the particular job. Relating back to first aid, it is important for the first aid representative to be up to date and know exactly what they are doing. ‘The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations (1981) require that, in order to provide first aid to their employees who are injured or become ill at work, employers must have adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel. Barker, Ray; Gledhill, Adam; Lydon, Chris. BTEC National Sport Book 1 (2nd Edition). Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p lxxxiv. http://site. ebrary. com/lib/barnsleycoll/Doc? id=10300498ppg=84 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. This shows that it is important for all employees to have representatives that have had regular training to prevent any legal action been taken. For example in the Honeywell Sports Centre all of the sport staff will have regular training to ensure that they know exactly what to do if a problem occurs. Risk Assessments Risk assessments are undertaken to try and avoid as many accidents and injuries as possible. There are a set of principles outlined in The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations which state different ways in how to decide which action is best taken to reduce risks in the work place. The following are some of the principles; Avoid risk all together if possible. This is the most important principle in good health and safety management. However this is sometimes hard to follow, in some cases you have no way of avoiding them all together and therefore there needs to be principles for those outcomes too. Try to deal with the risk as soon as possible. For example if the floor in one of the changing rooms was slippery, it should be dried immediately. This would be a better way of dealing with it, rather than just putting up a wet floor sign as it removes the risk all together. If a sign was just put up the risk is still there and somebody could still slip if they do not see the sig for example. Communication is vital. All staff should know exactly what they need to do and were they need to be in the event of an incident. Communication is essential for the successful implementation of health and safety measures. If people do not know what to do, it will affect the efficiency. Staff won’t know what they are doing and could therefore make the problem even worse. Safety Procedures and Protocols Established to Maintain a Safe Environment It is important when beginning to establish safety procedures and protocols that a written commitment is produced. The commitment should state that they are providing a safe and inviting sports environment. To ensure that people are aware of this, copies of the policy should be distributed widely and throughout the organisation. This ensures that all of the staff and people who use the sports facility know all the information about the protocols. It is impossible to eradicate all dangerous situations, but it is important that everybody knows how to deal with them, if they ever occur. If problems arise, people should know how to respond immediately. Governing Body Guidelines The governing bodies of sport are in charge of providing guidelines that will provide help and support for sport leaders, coaches and teachers (such as the ones in Honeywell Sports Centre). They mostly set out a code of conduct for the coaches that inform them of everything they will need to be a safe coach, who is aware of their responsibilities. All teachers and coaches at Honeywell will have been given a code of conduct so they know what they should or shouldn’t be teaching them and how to teach it to them. For example in a code of conduct for coaches, it states that coaches must always promote the positive aspects of the sport, like fair play. If the coaches didn’t teach things like this, the players could get into trouble for not participating and acting in the correct manner. Equipment Manufacturers’ Guidelines There are many items of sports equipment that need to be assembled, such as goal posts and basketball nets. These items of equipment need to be put up properly as it could lead to injury. If the posts were to fall down they could land on people and cause them injury. Each set of equipment, when purchased will have instructions on how to assemble it and guidelines on how it should be used; they should all come with the EU approval mark. There should also be instructions and guidelines on smaller pieces of equipment, like footballs. Hey will state information like inflation pressure suggestions and instructions on how to insert the needle to inflate the ball. Again these all prevent injury, if these guidelines aren’t followed the ball could pop, or be too hard. When to Consult With Others At some point, no matter how experienced the person is, everybody needs help and guidance on how to improve. Everybody continues to learn about how to improve the performance, enjoyment and safety of their sports environment and the participants. There are people put in place who have knowledge about these specific areas and it is important for staff to know how to obtain this support. The best time to consult somebody is before undertaking the activity and when you have time to sit down and talk about it properly. For example, if one of the members of staff at Honeywell had to undertake a risk assessment, they could seek guidance from the line manager or HSE. If they didn’t seek guidance, it could result in completing the risk assessment wrong. They could miss something out and this could put the participants in danger. Governing bodies of specific sports also provide support. It is especially important to seek guidance on the topic of local requirements, as they can differ from region to region. Checking with local authorities will ensure that the right precautions are being undertaken.

French Culture free essay sample

Cultural research on french Michael Alatorre French 101 (Friday 8a-12:20p Spring 2011 Project 1, Cultural Research After referencing many topics to choose from the french culture, i have made my dicision on what interests me the most from any culture. Art. My research will discuss the importance of french art in a cultural aspect to why the french people adore art, and most importantly I will write about some of the greatest french artist this world has ever known.The fine arts, as well as every other department of mental beauty, reveal the effect of that social instinct which is so powerful in France than it is anywhere else, or has ever been elsewhere some French critics are so far from denying this preference of French art that they express pride in it, and, indeed, defend it in a way that makes one feel slightly amateurish and fanciful in thinking of beauty apart from truth. We will write a custom essay sample on French Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The french people have a variety of meuseums to go enjoy some world renowned paintings and sculptures. eople from around the world and over seas fly to in many parts of france, just to set there eyes on some of the worlds most beautiful pieces . Museums like; Musee du Louvre, the Louvre is one of the worlds largest museums, the most visited art meseum in the world and a historic monument. A central landmark of Paris, it is located on the right bank of the Seine in the 1st district. Nearly 35,000 objects from prehistory to the 19th century are exhibited over an area of 60,600 square metres (652,300 square feet).The museum opened on 10 August 1793 with an exhibition of 537 paintings, the majority of the works being royal and confiscated church property. Because of structural problems with the building, the museum was closed in 1796 until 1801. Musee dOrsay,The museum building was originally a railway station. By 1939 the stations short platforms had become unsuitable for the longer trains that had come to be used for mainline services. In 1977 the French Government decided to convert the station to a museum. Musee national du Moyen age,also known as the Musee de Cluny. It was formerly the town house of the abbots of Cluny, started in 1334.The structure was rebuilt by Jacques dAmboise, it combines Gothic and Reniassence elements. In 1843 it was made into a public museum, to contain relics of Frances Gothic past. The Musee de Cluny houses a variety of important medieval artifacts, in particular its tapestry collection, which includes the fifteenth century tapestry cycle La Dame a la Licorne. Other notable works stored there include early Medieval sculptures from the seventh and eighth centuries. There are also works of gold, ivory, antique furnishings, and illumanated manuscripts. Palais de Tokyo,is a building dedicated to modern and contemporary art.The name Palais de Tokyo derives from the name of this street. The Palais de Tokyo was inaugurated by president Lebrun on May 24, at the time of the, International Exhibition of Arts and Technology of 1937. The original name of the building was Palais des Musees dart moderne. The Museum also publishes the magazine Palais, which annually releases three editions (Spring, Fall, and Summer). The Magazine features articles centering around a central artistic theme selected for each edition. The subjects are conceptual, and are explored using photography, various artistic media, essays, and often experimental media.During the past millenium, many of the icons and most prolific minds in philosophy, literature, poetry, theatre, painting, sculpture, architecture, and science can be credited to the French — or, in some cases, expatriates living in France. Encouragement and support for artistic endeavor has been a hallmark of Frances kings, emperors, and presidents to this day. In order to preserve such a rich cultural heritage, and to make it more widely available outside of Paris, a Ministry of Culture was established by the French government in 1959.

Imagine What essays

Imagine What essays John Lennon's "Imagine" is one of the most inspirational songs of all time. It always made people think about the words of his song. Some questions rise, such as how would the world be if there was no violence, religion, or countries bound by boundaries? The song came at a time when there was alot of protest. Lennon was always one to think of peace and harmony and the basics of life. When Lennon writes,"Imagine all the people living life in peace"(11- 12), he means that he wonders what the world would be like, if everyone were equal. There was no rich or poor, if there was no hunger,everyone just sharing what they had and no jealousy. Every country would have the same equalities and there would be no third world countries. That's what the song "Imagine" describes, an a utopian state. The message was communicated through music by an artist who was one of the greatest songwriters of all time. John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, were twoof the biggest advocates of world peace. The song questions if we could imagine what it would be like to live like that. "Imagine," is a song that will always make you stop and wonder what it would be like "Imagine." John Lennon. 16 October 2000. ...

Proposal memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal memo - Research Paper Example The means by which Walmart is engaging with environmental issues, both as a means of boosting its overall image, and as a means of affecting a change with regards to the way that it has traditionally engaged in business It is the hope of this author that by engaging in each of these forms of analysis, the research will be able to provide a clear and definitive understanding of some of the changes that are currently being effected with regards to the way in which the entity in question engages in business and seeks to promote itself and its business model to new clients and into the future. The overall timeframe that the project will analyze will be within the past 4 years; also reflected in the up to date nature of the data sources which have been utilized the inform this piece (presented below). With your approval, this project will continue and seek to leverage the resources that have been provided in the appendix as a working bibliography/reference list as a means of drawing a further level of analysis upon the subject matter that has thus far been introduced and briefly discussed. Goetz, S. J., Rupasingha, A., & Loveridge, S. (2012). Social Capital, Religion, Wal-Mart, and Hate Groups in America*. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 93(2), 379-393. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00854.x Matusitz, J., & Lord, L. (2013). Glocalization or Grobalization of Wal-Mart in the US? A Qualitative Analysis. Journal Of Organisational Transformation & Social Change, 10(1), 81-100.

A German Retailing Icon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A German Retailing Icon - Essay Example These strategies are strongly in line with the company’s goal to provide offerings at lower cost but with high quality standard. The reason why customers should buy the products of Aldi is due to the firm’s success in instilling products into the market at a lower cost but with high quality standard. This is just a way of saying that at a lower cost, Aldi does not compromise the quality of its products. This can be the company’s competitive edge and it adds value to its value particularly for those customers who are after of good quality at a reasonable price. Aldi’s lines of offerings are viewed cheaper but of high quality and this perception has significantly created specific value to particular customers. 2. How are different components of Aldi’s retail strategy aligned with one another? Answer As mentioned in the case, Aldi tries to apply limited assortment for its merchandise and it particularly adheres to principle that the increase of item actually increases expenditure (Aldi: A German Retailing Icon 3). Product pricing for Aldi’s offerings is said to be 20 to 30 percent below those of regular supermarkets (3-4). Its basic design for store and open display adhere to one of its core principles, simplicity at a minimal cost (2). The communication of its products is said to apply minimal ads through its flyers and website (3-4). Its location is particularly located off land which is its own so as to ensure minimizing cost (4). Its service is through fast check out through cash and there is inclusion of entertaining returns at high speed (5). The case of Aldi simply shows that in maintaining overall cost leadership as its competitive strategy, there is a need to actually control the costs that have to be incurred in the operation. It is clear that in order for Aldi t o come up with lower cost but not to sacrifice quality of service and product offering, there is a need to consider minimizing costs that are not actually creating significant impact on product quality. This is how in particular the different components of Aldi’s strategy are aligned with each other. 3. Explain the key internal and external reasons why the company has been so successful over the past decades. Answer Aldi’s success over the past decades is due to its successful entry in the market. Part of this successful entry is its proper aligning of the different components in its retail strategy. As an effect, Aldi is creating competitive strategy which is remarkably in line with overall cost leadership. This in particular has created value not just to the company but to the customers who are after of cheaper products but with high quality. Thus, this enables the company to come up with products that are highly differentiated when it comes to price and quality. The extent of this is the achievement of specific market focus which is a market segment that over time, Aldi is willing to serve with its line of offerings. Over the course of time, this develops customer loyalty as one of Aldi’s external factors for success. This customer loyalty is a sustainable competitive advantage of the company and through this; the company has remarkably gained high buying power which means that it can further demand for low price. In return, this added to the capacity of the company to maintain its competitive edge when it comes to overall cost leadership. As it can be observed, the combined effects of both external and internal factors for Aldi’

Can Participatory Democracy Replace Representative Democracy Politics Essay

Can Participatory Democracy Replace Representative Democracy Politics Essay Over the past years, it has been observed that liberal democracy and it is choices of representations that is founded on appropriation of power through provoked consent has not been able to deliver freedoms and development and therefore, is considered a non functional choice. This essay is arguing that participatory democracy is not only a viable alternative to representative democracy. But it is the only viable option for the troubled societies of the modern era; it descends from democracy in its true form direct democracy and hence leads to progress and development. Which constitute it attraction as a renewed theory seeks response to representative democracy crisis. This essay used the model of Kerala in India to provide a case example of that participatory democracy with all its positive achievement is yet, to be empowered through proper participation and enriched experiences. Using critical analysis the essay will provide discussions on the notions of democracy in general, representative democracy and its critiques and overview of participatory democracy origins and features shortly try to draw the distinction between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy consecutively then overview of discussions around the Model of Kerala participatory democracy, finally discussions between PD/RD in the context of the developing world. Democracy: the contested notion According to William Connolly, democracy is a fundamentally contested notion on which it is impossible to reach an agreement (Barber, 1984). Although the differences in opinions might be frustrating it still does not destroy the worth of the contested concept. Before we indulge in the discussion whether participatory democracy is a viable alternative to representative democracy or not, we must understand what those terms stand for and how contested visions interpreted them, but first understanding the term democracy in its essence. Although a recent article by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen (2005) highlights revealed evidences that democracy has been theorised in many civilisations including Asian, African as well as in European and American. But, as part of our Eurocentric knowledge (said 2003); the word democracy commonly makes its origins from ancient Greece. With the supremacy of the Roman Empire, the theory of democracy declined. However, it found its way back into the European thought with the fall of the Roman Empire, primarily because of the translation of Aristotles politics into Latin in the early 1260s. (Beetham 2005) Since then debates on democracy have become a vital part of the Western culture and have continued to grow and merge into mainstream thought process. It is interesting to note that when Aristotle spoke about democracy in his work, he meant direct democracy; a form in which people rule and are ruled in turn. The underlying issue is that self-government is deemed as a critical element of democracy or in fact the essence of democracy. In present times where most discourses on democracy are occupied by discussions on election; elections are held for relatively longer times, indulge in exhaustive policy-drafting roles, the conditions of democracy are not met and hence the government no longer remains a democracy but turns into an oligarchy, despite the participation of all citizens in the election process. However, with due course of time, with redefinition, the notion of democracy has gained a new history to a certain extent, one which has almost nothing to do with its roots in ancient Greece (Bruce 2004). The previous concept of democracy had evolved because of historical incidents where lower classes, mostly the peasants, acquired a more active and unique civic status. Hence this form democracy origin begins with European feudalism rather than Athenian democracy. In our modern era, many people regard democracy as sacrosanct, and they are not eager to adopt or even try different governing. Amartya Sen (1999) in his article Democracy as a Universal Value, building on the argument that there are diverse origins for democracy criticising the tendency toward oversimplification that The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution(p.15) and it need to be exported to the rest of the world. He rejects the claims that Asian values and traditions are not supportive for democracy, providing examples from Asia and Africa history, making the point that democracy is a universal value (p.16). One important issue coincided democracy practice and theory is the majority rule. Dahl (1989) provides rational justification for accepting the majority rule using four different ways including: maximising the number of people who can exercise self-determination in collective decisions (p.138); majority rule is more likely can reach correct decisions, finally it maximise the utility based on maximising the satisfaction on decisions and there is no other cost-effective rule. Although justification form authors who favour or disfavour majority rule are always present it has been accepted in most practices of democracies. For instance see David Estlund (1997), who argues against the majority rule and fair proceduralism and favour of fair deliberative proceduralism. However, in this regard the term democracy has been understood as government by consent (Bhagwati 1995). The term democracy became a reference to a field where different parties test the strength and feasibility of their respective point of views, or even as a reward to be accomplished by a party that can provide the most solid, logical and convincing arguments (Barber 1984). The western practice of democracy was heavily shaped by the consequent politics of representation that followed the French and American revolutions, moving away from the face to face interaction of the ancient Athenian city direct democracy to representative democracy (Dahl 1989). REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY Similar to the overall democracy concept, the notion of representative democracy is no less contestation (Saward 2008). The varieties of human experiences in practicing representation enriched the notion, and made it almost impractical to define using dictionaries statement. The theories have gone far, for example Michael Saward (2008) is claiming that all democratic politics is representative politics (p.1005), denying that the direct democracy is not more democratic than the representative democracy and representative democracy is not in contrast with direct democracy but incorporating it. However, I can outline three peculiarities in order to understand representative democracy mainly 1) Election: people vote to elected officials to be considered as their democratic representatives; they have 2) Delegation: they are delegated by their trustees, to practice 3) Mediation: they are assigned to speak on behalf of social groups interests within a forum normally referred to as assembly or parliament etc, having discussions to reach a 4) Collective decision making( Laver and Kenneth A. Shepsle 1994). In short, Representative democracy is about having fair voting process and the result of that voting determine who will decide and what decision are going to be decided. Representation is based on the assumption that members of the society and social agents thriving for Nobel goals of their own society can act as the engineers of social evolution, in settings of cooperation, harmony, dialogue, respect for variations in culture and also for economic agents, opens up bright promising avenues for growth and progress. Primarily this assumption is challenged by the situation of the developing world of today where many democracies collapsed (Diskin 2005). In the early seventeenth and eighteenth centuries coupling the growth of liberal thought in many western regions, division of powers theory and human right culture that claimed by the mentioned revolutions; the overall representative democracies form of governance and mixed governments has referred to as liberal democracies. Best example for this is England, which a mixed government where the King represented monarchic principle, the aristocratic one being represented by the House of Lords and the House of Commons symbolizing democracy. Now since the King was also identified as an executive, the legislature being the House of Commons, and the House of Lords at least to a degree as the judiciary (Chavez and Franklin 2004). Â  Within a representative democracy it is assumed that wide-ranging public and political association bonding the society, triggered from outside the political dome of liberal democracy for a mutual enlistment of forces of the entire society and productive cadres from the political groups set up the stage for a powerful and solid representative democracy (Gruegel 2002). In a similar manner as they interact in real life in social procedures and dealings. Expertise, skill and charisma are the true skills of any good governance, but only once reliability, democracy and integrity are ensured (Huber and Stephens 1997). Leadership is not by self-postulation in representative democracy which prevents turning suspected support, intellect or expertise into the key sources for any claims to leadership. Gentle, honest, moral, intelligent and social skills acquire enough space to speak for it and perform in a political liberation operation based on progress, representation and ideology, rather than be dominated into exclusion by the immorality and deficits that hold command over the otherwise political scene (Kaufman 1997). David Beetham (2005) out line some principles to distinguish representative democracy form other forms particularly oligarchy to justify rule by the few including equal right for all citizens to elect and be elected for all public office except for those position that requires special qualifications. Transparent official and legal access to it, freedom of expression, and the right of forming associations including media firms and other forms of associations, with the possibility of influencing decisions from the bottom up, the rights of citizens are legally protected and they have the right to vote on constitutional amendments and changes. Undeniably, those are human rights together with other political, social and economical rights are essential frame work for any of our modern eras forms of democracy, but not necessarily related only to the representative democracy. The overall practice and theory of liberal democracy or representative form of governance has been critiqued and challenged by many political theories, importantly in this essay I will provide a brief overview about those theories, because re-theorising direct democracy in the name of participatory democracy has built its advocacy on the below areas of analysis: The domination of elite theories: the classics elite theorist like Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, and Robert Michels, tried to articulate the gap between the governing group and the rest of society and highlight the domination of powers in few people hands, interestingly the critiques goes both side socialist and liberal arenas as it focus on the issue ultimate domination by few people to take the decisions, for Michels within any attempt to institutionalise the society there are going to be an iron law of oligarchy: an ultimate domination by few people in case of governments they are beaurocrats. A more recent attempts to articulate the same gap arguing that the public policies are and administration outcomes not reflecting the will of the citizens, but rather they are from an elite consensus (Bachrach 1967; Van den 1979). The Marxist critiques of the state being a tool in the hands of the oppressor ruling class; which focus on the structural classification of the society, and articulates the domination of economical sphere, upon the politics and ideology without the necessity for ruling class members to personally oversee the workings of the government. In the Marxist views the liberal democracy has been seen as distancing the masses from any genuine form of participation, and creating representative bodies (parliaments) which exclude and alienate the bulk of the population (Blaug and Schwarzmantel 2003 p.232) The anarchist critiques which emphasises the rule of propaganda in controlling the public, and the media is naturally in the hands of the powerful (Chomsky 2003 p. 246) and see the state has broken the social contract ; hence the call is for resistance and rebellion for aim of free Society. The modern political theories critiques, one dimension is the claims that economic factors exert a powerful effect on voting decisions, depending on government economic performance the political support can operate (Sander 1994 p.93). Another dimension is the valid critique that within a representative democracy there are dynamics for exclusion. One convincing critique is the feminist one, which clarify the fact that the basic unit of liberal democracy has always been a man, an actor in the public sphere, a male property accumulator (Blaug and Schwarzmantel 2003 p.301). Given the destructive nature of the criticism that dominated the discourse around liberal democracy (Duncan 1983 p.196), the liberal theorists in return considered remittances by practicing deliberative opinions polls and referendums in expanding the practice of democracy (Beetham 2005). David Beetham (2005) theoretically argues that a government can be a democracy only to the extent that that the selection to every office, or to each office, except the ones which necessitate expertise and skill, ought to be made by lot. This implies that nobody gets to enjoy the same position more than once except for the case of military positions (Beetham 2005), thus any theory of civic skills must take into account that citizens are embedded in networks of social, as well as political, relationships(Mutz 2006 p.150). One can argue Beetham (2005) that changing the faces would not change facts outlined by the above theories that representative democracy is not representing the will of people. Conse quently, led to what Herbert Marcuse stated as a mutilated crippled and frustrated human existence (as cited in Duncan 1983 p.195). Participatory democracy: For participatory democracy a likely starting point is the notion of sovereignty or of self-government. Amongst the contemporary theories of democracy, this is the oldest and the only one that is widely accepted by citizens and political leaders, the theory was initially presented in writings of Thomas Paine, United States constitutions preamble and even in Lincolns address of Gettysburg (Beetham 2005). A key component of this concept is political independence, that is, a given set of people shall not administer themselves if they were subjected to any form of governance by anybody outside that set/group. This is considered as an essential requirement for participatory democracy. Another prerequisite is that the given independent set cannot be subjugated by any monarchy, any other traditional aristocracy, or any other group, but is only accountable to and is controlled by the population in general (Pinkney 2003). The theoretical starting point of this stipulation is that in general p eople are fundamentally concerned with leading their own lives and have a basic right to do so (Gaventa 2004). Digging in ancient Greeks theories of direct democracy and thoroughly studying the social contract of Jean Jacques Rousseau together with on liberty of John Stuart Mill, Carole Pateman (1970) came up with notion of participatory democracy aiming to reconstruct democracy by providing structural institutions reforms for participation. According to her the distinction criterion of the ideal form of participatory democracy, that draws the basic distinction between representative and direct democracy; is the equal opportunity of citizens to participate in decision making and in creating institutional platform for this participation based on the argument that individuals and institutions cannot be understood apart from each other. She takes the discussion further to look at the conditions of equal participation arguing that having representatives in the public domain will not ensure proper level of engagement of citizens on decisions affecting them. One of her major views, is the more part icipation the more stable system of democracy can be obtained. She argues that all social and political including family, employment institutions are to be democratised in order to reach the aspired ideal of representative democracy. She also emphasised the necessity of democratic training to be grounded at the family level as foundation for political public participation. A major shift in Patemans notion of participatory was done by Benjamin Barber (1984) who also draws his work on Rousseau and the classics, he critiques of representative democracy which he considers thin meaning not very democratic and contradicting the Western values of social Justice, equality and freedom because of the second outline in the previous mention peculiarities of representative democracy saying: It delegates and thus alienates political will at the cost of genuine self-government and autonomy. As Rousseau warned the instant people allows itself to be represented it loses its freedom. Freedom and citizenship are correlates; each sustain and give life to the other (p.145). For him the absence of community sense in representative democracy makes equality just a fiction while social justice depraved by encroaching self-sufficiently and personal autonomy. Going back to Sen (2005) and Said (2003) and many others, indeed those principles and values are not Western, they are just human values, maybe Benjamin Barber failed to express the manner of values and relate them to the West, but he succeeded to emphasise the role of community in order to strengthen participatory democracy. When he prioritise community participation over individual participation, indicating that community participation when combined with essential training means real participation in setting the agendas for deliberation, legislation and on policy implementation. The individual participation is just another rational for individualism. From the same point of favouring training, without direct link with literature of participatory democracy or the mentioned theorist framework, Paulo Freire (1970) coming from socialist prospective and using Marxists lexicons writing Pedagogy of the Oppressed a book that influenced and informed participatory democracy theory and practice. Freire (1970) laid out important foundations for developing world experiences of participatory; first by directing participation from the intellectual rhetoric of the west into the developing countries, secondly by centring the dialogue in the heart of participation to reach consensus and agreements and indeed the earlier dialogue begins the more truly revolutionary will be the movement (p.128); thirdly and most importantly attributing the theory with social movement aspects of empowering the people through abolishment the teacher-student dichotomy as very basic roles in participation. To summarise the explanation of notion of participatory democracy, I can extract from the reviewed materials and from the above discussion cornerstones of participatory democracy, which involve 1) Democratic active political participation in all society institutions 2) Direct community involvement in dialogue and decision making. 3) Expansion of people participation in governance. 4) Empowering the community through the provision of relevant trainings. 5) Expansion of civil society role within the society. It is very important to distinguish between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, because there is overlapping between participative and deliberative theories as both points of views are mutually supporting. In general, participatory democracy stresses on the extent of citizen participation, while on the other hand, deliberative democracy focuses on the quality of citizen participation (Fisher 2003). In order to comply with the participatory standard, it is essential for all citizens to be politically active with an additional requirement that their involvement be sincere and not driven be any logical reason. While these positions are unique, some advocates of either view contest the benefits of embracing the other one. In short, the advantages of complete citizen partnership will increase if their participation was reasonable, whereas, more widespread participation would boost the advantages of reasonable debate amongst the public. The most vivid distinction in the two ways is that participatory democracy possesses the tendency to absorb and merge civil society into its political system, whereas, the deliberative democracy identifies and even acknowledges the independent reality of the political domain (Webster 2002). Finally, in deliberative democracy different views continues to discuss until reframing a point of view that is mutually acceptable, while in participatory people may accept voting as an exit mechanism from the discussion. Having discussed the cornerstones of participatory democracy, it is now worthy to mention that over the past twenty years or so participatory institutions have gained popularity throughout the developing nations in an attempt to intensify the quality of democracy. In countries such as India, Brazil, Indonesia, Venezuela, local governments have experimented with participatory form of government to foster accountability and create active and well-informed citizens which help in establishing the atmosphere for realizing social justice (Prendergast 2005). In these states, participatory democracy has been able to produce set political and social progresses which have immensely deepened the quality of democracy (Fisher 2003). Social capital was generated, empowerment of citizens became a possibility and most of all government systems started to became fair and transparent. Insights of participatory democracy More relevant to reality than theory is to provide a case, in order to analyse the rigour of the claims in the previous analysis of the theoretical framework, through summarising the outcomes of many studies and researches done around one case which is Kerala in India. The justification for selection of Kerala could be: it is an experience of participatory democracy within a developing country, it attracted hundreds of scholars from around the globe by claiming success in transforming the society (Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson 2000), literature is available, the size of participation claimed is very big compared to other places, it involve both rural and urban areas, it is relatively happened within an worlds largest democracy and the developing countries oldest democracy when compared to other examples of Porto Alegre of Brazil and south Africa, it broke through and within a society feudalism specifically caste system and then draw some lessons learnt from the case. Note worthily the Kerala model of participatory democracy has been referred to: in consulted literature as socialist democracy (Heller 2009; Williams 2009) participatory development Participatory governance (Fung and Wright 2003; Hordijk 2005). For the aim of consistency and for the subject of our essay I will keep it as Participatory democracy. Inheriting a burden of a developing region, with a diversity of social stratifications the socialist governments in Kerala adopted participatory approach in engaging the people in their own development (Parayil 2000). Village councils empowered through involvement in the preparation of detailed development plans that are then put to vote in village assemblies, 140 Assembly constituencies created, mass planning and participation conducted at least 10% of the population participated in planning activities, public meetings and seminars are routine for instance Maitreesh Ghatak and Maitreya Ghatak (2002) states that:Since 1998 meetings have been regularly held in practically all of the around forty-five thousand constituencies over the state(p.49)., trainings learning-by-doing workshops to directly involve citizens in decision making, the process made to connects the peoples deliberations to actual decisions is more direct and less subject to bureaucratic alteration, social-economic data collection, cadastral plan updating by citizens, On the construction of small bridges and roads many cases of public taking, and drains by themselves, participatory developmental project skills and experiences developed leading to mobilisation of local resources and voluntary networks and excellent projects deliverable in many cases below the estimated budgets, have been reported. Hundreds thousands of citizens are volunteering in planning execution of developmental projects. Networks and structures of expertise retired skilled workers were created and made functional. Mass social and community mobilisation campaigns conducted (Heller and Isaac 2003; Parayil 1996; Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson 2000; Ramachandran 2000). Many strategies to enhance citizen participation were adopted including but not limited to: (1) allocation of funds that mandates that certain amounts must be spent on interventions targeting the needs of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, addressing women, children, the disabled, and the elderly; (2) participation, in which one-third of the number of seats in the committees and assemblies is reserved for women and a proportionate number is reserved for marginalised castes and historically disempowered tribes and communities in the assemblies; (3) massive capacity-building and awareness raising intervention and campaigns to sensitize the involved with the planning process as well as the assemblers and committees; and (4) continuous monitoring and evaluation for these components at many levels (Chettiparamb 2006). The allocation of funds in practice was proportionally high Starting in 1996, about 40 per cent of the state government controlled funds were devolved from the bureaucra cy to panchayat village planning councils (Ghatak and Ghatak 2002 p.53). It has been argued that this led to corruption cases (Das 2000), Indeed it did at the beginning but through transparency and participation in monitoring the practice has remarkably improved in terms of development there have been some positive outcomes already, including a decline in the prevailing cynicism towards development activities(Datta 1997 as cited in Crook and Sverrisson 1999). Kerala participatory democracy model has already established its success in development, centring planning and mass participation as instruments of social mobilisation in decentralised administration; in which the ultimate aim of decentralisation has to be to give opportunity for as much direct participation of people in daily governance as possible (Isaac 2000 p.7). As well as supporting microfinance, which aims, alleviate poverty and empowers women (Devika and Thampi 2007) In this state of 30 million of population, successive waves of social movements, a rich and competitive sector of civic organizations and citizens who know and use their rights have kept political parties and the State accountable, producing Indias most competitive party system and its most efficacious state (Heller 2000). Chettiparamb (2006) stressed that the confidence in civil society institution that competent of decision making was moderately aligned with goals of participatory democracy, democratic decentralization, and deliberative planning (p.188). Success was based not on upraising some subaltern vision but by first destroying feudalism through popular land reform policies and incorporating many people in the anti feudalism policies and campaigns, then continuing to expand a participation on civil society. The expansion of political and social citizenship can become the basis for creating social change in Kerala. Applying examples from farming, small industry, and the informal sectors, Patrick Heller (1999) analysis of the political dynamics through which active participation has reduced the capitalist growth and transformed the state from a period of open class struggle and oppression relationships to one of citizenship conciliation. His work concludes that the model provide broader indulgent to the complicated relationship between participatory democracy and market economies in the context of developing country. Ramachandran (2000) explains that high participation in Kerala and devolution of government into institutions and the government commitment in participation have increased the government expenditure on education and this is the explanation for higher literacy and better health awareness in Kerala. Citing comprehensive statistical records and using a Chinese methodology in evaluating the development in Kerala, Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson (2000) research revealed a paradox that the state has achieved high scores according to the Physical quality of Life Index and Human Development Indicator and low economic growth according to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures in compared to other states which adopted representative notions in governance. Although the research has well documented the success of Keralas participatory democracy model it remained sceptical to the overall Known development goals and their contradictions with each other for example; achieving higher literacy rate does not really translate into higher employment where unemployment reaches 21.19 per cent(p.45). However, relatively recent statistical records provides evidence on growth and improvements and sustainability in Keralas human development indicators; surveys proves that as well, such as the National Famil y and health National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) (MHFWGI 2006); for instance in 2007 a research by Zacharia and Rajan indicated that unemployment has dropped to 9.4 per cent (Kumar 2007). Hence Sen (1999) capabilities argument in development as freedom: there is more to be achieved in development than just GDP statistics, however, poverty is a major but not the only problem in the developing world, Kerala model stimulated the debate on the many concepts of development. The Kerala model of participation remarkable achievement in social development indicators has led to question united nations common used indicators such as literacy rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, fertility rates, etc whether they are reflexive indicators for social development, While poverty still in the state (Kurien 2000). In contrast there are some scholars who argue that GDP as indicator is not properly reflexive and thus illusory (Pritchett 2000) or Kerala income is underestimated (Ahluwalia 2000). Veron (2001) is arguing that Kerala model addressed some failures in term of community based sustainable development, relying on ecological and environmental aspects incorporated in his drew conceptualisation of sustainable development. He also sees the participation has not gone deep enough, thus Kerala model has already included allocation of increased funds for village development plans, and has implemented decentralised planning process that that aims to involve the civil society at every stage (p.612). Since the 1960s Kerala received attention accreditation and praises, for instance Samuel Huntington (1968 as cited in Heller 2009) describes it as an example of successful political modernization in the developing world. And continued to be judged positively for example Amartya Sen (1997 cited in Parayil 2000) appreciated it with concerns about the economic growth. There are many legitimate questions about what would happen when the socialist movement stop wining the elections?; Can this participatory mov

Essay --

Definition: Surfactant flooding is injection of one or more liquid chemicals and surfactants. The phase behaviour properties in the oil reservoir is effectively controlled by the surfactant, which then help to mobilize the trapped crude oil by reducing interfacial tension (IFT) between the injected liquid and the oil. So for the oil to move through the narrow capillary pores a very low oil or water IFT is needed. Surfactant flooding also increases the economic productivity. In order to improve the properties of the surfactant solution, co-surfactants are being mixed up into the liquid surfactant solution. This co-surfactant actually acts as a promoter or as an active agent in the mixed surfactant solution. This is to provide optimal conditions with respect to temperature, pressure and salinity. Reservoir has a certain physical characteristic, thus due to this characteristics e.g. adsorption; the binding of molecules to the rock and trapping of the fluid in the pore structure, considerable losses of the surfactant may occur. The stability of the surfactant system at reservoir cond...

Introduction to Financial Management Essay

ABSTRACT In the United States we have two different kinds of stock exchange the NYSE and the NASDAQ even though they have some similarities they are different in so many different ways. This paper will discuss how the NYSE and the NASDAQ operate, how they are different and what is the public company accounting and investor protect act of 2002. When we discuss the stock market we discover that it is an organization where equities are exchanged between buyers and sellers and the first thing that should come to our mind is either the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or National Association of Securities Dealers (NASDAQ). They are two exchanges who account for the trading of a major portion of equities in the United States and the entire world. The NASDAQ and NYSE both use and are on a screened based electronic stock exchanges they both use electronic screens during trading of stock. The NYSE and NASDAQ are very different in the way they operate and in the types of equities they trade. In order to understand the differences between both we have to take a look at how stocks are traded and bought and the location of an exchange also plays a great role in where and how the transactions take place. In the NYSE, all trades occur in one place, on the trading floor in New York City, as we have seen on so many movies and you observe individuals on the floor usually in red jackets waving their hands on or ringing a bell before opening the exchange for trading, these individuals are through whom stocks are transacted on the NYSE. These exchanges consist of the majority of the equities traffic in the United States, as well as the major exchange traders in the United States and these two exchanges are also a part of the Stock Exchange Commission. The NASDAQ and the NYSE both conduct trading of stock equities as well as help to meet the buyer and supplier. They are many differences between NYSE & NASDAQ; the listing requirements for NYSE are much higher compared to the NASDAQ. The NASDAQ is and over the counter based market while the NYSE is auction market. The NYSE deals with small and midsized organizations and has specialists to manage that specific stock this feature is not incorporated in to the NASDAQ and the NYSE is not publicly traded while on the other hand the NASDAQ functions within the majority field of technological clients. The NASDAQ the public to trade stocks on it. The NASDAQ is not located on a physical trading floor that we see on television but it is on a telecommunications network. The individuals that work there are trading takes place directly between investors and their buyers or sellers, who are the market makers through an elaborate system of companies electronically connected to one another. CONCLUSION In conclusion, business as well as movies goes through their ups and downs it is essential to have a good business plan to ensure success in what you pursue. There is no question that having a good business plan is important and it takes a lot of work. When it is completed your efforts will pay off. As time goes on you will find out what works for your business and what doesn’t. As your business evolves, you’ll find that older versions of your plan provide a helpful reminder of how far you’ve come. REFERENCES www.ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.cecybrary.com www.sba.gov/category/navigation-structure/starting-managing-business/starting-business/how-write-business-plan

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