What Is Denatured Alcohol

Denatured alcohol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) made unfit for human consumption by adding one or more chemicals (denaturants) to it. Denaturing refers to removing a property from the alcohol (being able to drink it), not to chemically altering or decomposing it, so denatured alcohol contains ordinary ethyl alcohol. Why Is Alcohol Denatured? Why take a pure product and make it toxic? Basically, its because alcohol is regulated and taxed by many governments. Pure alcohol, if it was used in household products, would offer a much less expensive and readily available source of ethanol for drinking.  If alcohol wasnt denatured, people would drink it. What Denatured Alcohol Looks Like In some countries,  denatured alcohol must be colored blue or purple using an aniline dye, in order to distinguish it from consumption-grade ethanol. In the United States, for example, denatured alcohol need not be colored, so you cant tell whether alcohol is pure or not simply by looking at it. What Happens If You Drink Denatured Alcohol? Short answer: nothing good! In addition to the effects  of  the alcohol, youd experience effects from the other chemicals in the mixture. The exact nature of the effects depends on the denaturing agent. If methanol is the agent, possible effects include nervous system and other organ damage, increased risk of cancer, and possibly death. Other denaturing agents carry risks, plus many products also contain perfumes and dyes not intended for human consumption. Some of these toxic compounds can be removed by distilling the alcohol, but others have boiling points close enough to ethanol that its unlikely an inexperienced distiller could remove them to the point where the product would be safe for human consumption. However, the distillation  of a fragrance-free, dye-free product might be a viable option if alcohol is to be used  in  laboratory situations. Denatured Alcohol Chemical Composition There are hundreds of ways ethanol is denatured. Denatured alcohol that is intended for use as a fuel or solvent typically contains 5% or more methanol. Methanol is flammable and has a  boiling point close  to that of ethanol. Methanol is absorbed through the skin and is highly toxic, so you really shouldnt  use denatured alcohol for making perfume or bath products.   Examples of Products Containing Denatured Alcohol Youll find denatured alcohol in reagent alcohol for use in labs,  hand sanitizer, rubbing alcohol, and fuel for alcohol lamps. Its also found in cosmetics and other personal care products. Denatured Alcohol for Cosmetics and Labs Denatured alcohol for use in cosmetics often contains water and a bittering agent (Bitrex or Aversion which are denatonium benzoate or denatonium saccharide), but other chemicals are sometimes used. Other common additives include (but are not limited to) isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, pyridine, benzene, diethyl phthalate, and naphtha. Now that you know about denatured alcohol, you may be interested in learning about the  ingredients in rubbing alcohol  or  how you can purify alcohol  yourself using the simple process of distillation.

The Hebrew And Christian Religious Traditions Essay

The Hebrew and Christian religious traditions have a storied history of experiencing revelations, specifically Apocalyptic writings. Some examples of these visions include, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, John’s Revelation, and Julian’s Revelations of Love. Yet, the question remains, how credible these revelations are, especially the newer ones? If the Old Testament is taken as credible, then the New Testament and any subsequent writings must align with the Old Testament. Isaiah’s apocalyptic and messianic prophecies are centered in Isaiah 24 through 27. Isaiah â€Å"twist its surface (24:1).† Chapter 24 focuses on the destruction of the City of Chaos that is to come. When the City of Chaos is judged, so will the kings of the earth and the hosts of heaven, and they will be shut up in a prison and punished. Chapter 25 discusses the banquet of the Lord that will take place on a mountain. This banquet will have rich foods and well-aged wines and â€Å"he wi ll swallow up death forever (Isaiah 25:8).† Chapter 26 shows a hymn that focuses on God’s justice, and chapter 27 is a song of the new vineyard, which is a reference to an earlier chapter. Interestingly, Isaiah says, â€Å"On that day the LORD with his cruel and great and strong sword will punish Leviathan the fleeing serpent, Leviathan the twisting serpent, and he will kill the dragon that is in the sea (27:1).† Earlier, however, Isaiah was granted a vision of the throne room of God. In chapter 6, Isaiah describes God sitting on hisShow MoreRelatedThe Influences On Western Civilization1559 Words   |  7 PagesInfluences on Western Civilization by the Hebrew-Christian and Greco-Roman Traditions Western Civilization, as it is known today, is a coalescence of various cultures, ideologies, and practices that have been preserved over centuries of human life. Although a countless number of societies have influenced Western Civilization, Hebrew-Christian civilizations and Greco-Roman civilizations have been the two most influential. Both of these civilizations and their traditions have left equally deep and long-lastingRead MoreThe Differences Between Christianity And Christianity1567 Words   |  7 Pagesprophetic figure that has come to spread Gods word. These similarities are important since they allow for a point of comparison in these three faiths. The figure of Muhammad in the Muslim faith is known to non-muslims as the founder of the islamic tradition, but to muslims is the last prophet sent to earth by God. The figure of Moses is the most important prophet in Judaism. The figure of Jesus also known as the Messiah in christianity is viewed as the son of God who was sent d own to earth to redeemRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Christianity891 Words   |  4 Pageswould become fractured into Jews and Christians. This would lead to cause contention and religions confusion for thousands of years Judaism and Christianity are both monotheistic religions that have similar core values and principles; however despite these similarities there are differences in practice and traditions that have caused ethnic and religious conflicts that often overshadows their connection. Historical events such as the expulsion of Jews due to religious persecution in European countriesRead MoreIn Judaism, GodS Word Is Found In The Hebrew Bible (Or1524 Words   |  7 PagesIn Judaism, God s word is found in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament), written entirely in Hebrew, except for a few chapters or verses that are in Aramaic, the Semitic language related to Hebrew. This is the most transled and most read worldwide book. The Bible is divided into: Torah (the fiv e books of Moses), Nevi’im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (writings, Psalms). In rabbinic literature the word Torah it is common to refer to the entire Bible. The sacred book of Judaism is the Torah, which consistsRead MoreThe Ashkenazim, the Sephardim and the Mizrahim Jews Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups set up new lives in foreign countries and had to grow accustomed to their traditions and beliefs. The Ashkenazim settled mainly in Germany and spoke Yiddish while the Sephardim settled mainly in Spain and spoke their own distinct language, a combination of Hebrew and Spanish, known as Latino. Ladino is written using Hebrew letters and is still spoken among the Sephardi community today. Both groups spoke Hebrew although slightly differently. The Sephardic Jews are sometimes split into two sub-groupsRead MoreEssay on The Sister Religions580 Words   |  3 Pagestheir calendar on an important event in their respective histories. The Jewish people begin their calendar at the cre ation of the world by the Creator. The Christians and Muslims, however, begin their calendars with an important event in the life of their founders. For Christians, it was his birth, and for Muslims, his pilgrimage. The Christian calendar is widely used today all over the world, and most especially in the west, while usage of the calendars of the other two is restricted to followersRead MoreChristianity, Religion Based On The Life And Teachings Of Christianity1536 Words   |  7 PagesA Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christà ³s, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach. There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. It is also used as a label to identify peopleRead MoreChristianity : The World And Judaism1290 Words   |  6 Pageshave come to do Your will, O God† (Hebrews 10:7), He was saying that as written in the scriptures he was there to follow his father’s desired will. The people look to Jesus as an authority and he looks to God as his. Christianity is a practice and lifestyle and Christ is their model to follow. Christians also look at the written works as a way of studying and practicing their religion. Jesus was known for often quoting Jewish scriptures to his people. In Hebrews, Paul, the author, signifies theRead MoreThe Middle East: The Birthplace of Three Major World Religions834 Words   |  4 PagesJews, Christians, and Muslims may seem, these three religion s are similar because they all began in the same region and built upon similar beliefs. Since the Middle East is the birthplace of three related major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, these religions share similarities that bind them together, such as monotheism, prophets and teachings, similarities that are very important in Middle Eastern politics today. Judaism grew out of the beliefs of the ancient Hebrew peopleRead MoreReflection of Juduasm Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism is a religious tradition with origins dating back nearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient region of Canaan, which is now known as the land between Israel and Palestine. Judaism did not emerge until the 1st century C.E. Judaism traces its heritage to the covenant God made with Abraham and his lineage that God would make them a sacred people and give them a holy land. The primary characters of Israelite culture include the great patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophet Moses

Efficient Management Of The Business Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Efficient Management Of The Business. Answer: Introduction to the interview Efficient management of the business enterprises helps the organization in making improvements. In order to understand the steps that a manger must take while bringing about the change an interview with a manager is being stimulated. The interview that was undertaken will help in understanding the steps that are being undertaken by the manager in bringing about the change in the organizational structure. The interview was taken of a manager who was working for a multinational company. The interview revealed the issues that were faced by the manager in resolving the issues faced by the organization in bringing about the change. The discussion that follows is based on the interview that was undertaken of the manager and the steps and procedures that the manager undertook in order to make use of themanagement systems. Planning process of the organization The planning process of the organization was undertaken by the manager in order to make sure that the organization expands uniformly based on the requirements of the consumers. The execution of the plan is based on the consumers requirements of the products and the type of services. The planning process is being undertaken based on the modifications that the organization must undertake in its range of products in order to gain sustenance in the market (Cummings and Worley 2014). According to the manager, the organization that is aimed at improving its market situation must bring about changes in its structure and orientation. The changes that are being undertaken by the organization is based on the planning process of the organization. The most important changes that are being planned by the organization help in determining the situation of the organization in the market. The planning process of the organization involves the ways in which the organizational goals can be achieved thro ugh the strategies. The strategies help in determining the abilities of the company to adapt to the change that is required to be undertaken (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). The planning process is helped by the market analysis, which determines the fields in which the change must be undertaken. Leading the company Leading the company is not an easy task based on the statements made by the manager. The leadership style of themanagement affects the functioning of the organization to the great extent (Bolman and Deal 2017). The efficient leader must be able to judge the condition of the organization and the leadership style that the leader must take in order to bring improvements in the organizational situation (Refer to the Appendice 2). The leadership style helps the organization in making the rightful decisions and thereby makes changes in the organizational structure. Moreover, the manager also stated that the leadership style helps in keeping the employees motivated and focused on their job role. Organizing the company Organizing the company is again another important concept that is being discussed by the manager. According to the manager, the organizing capabilities help the company in centralizing the workforce and streamlining the effects of the organization on the market. The manager must monitor over the communication that is being undertaken by the employees and implement the ideas on the management of the organization (Too and Weaver 2014). Moreover, the manager also promotes integration between the different departments in order to enhance the smooth functioning of the business operations. The integration of the departments is being facilitated by the proper communication, which helps in determining the change in the market structure of the organization. Controlling the change The manager is responsible for controlling the change that is being undertaken by the organization. The changes that are being undertaken by the organization is being facilitated by the services of the employees in favor of the organization. Therefore, in order to bring about the change, the manager must keep the employees motivated and streamlined which is based on achieving the common objective of the organization (SEO et al. 2012). The change that is being undertaken by the organization is based on the requirements of sustenance of the organization in the market. on the other hand, the adherence of the organization to the change in the needs and requirements of the consumers is an important factor that must be ensured. Controlling the change as per the requirements of the organization relating to its progress is the most important function of the manager (Kerzner 2013). The change in the organizational structure must be controlled and adopted in order to convince the employees of the change in the structure and their functioning. It is the function of the manager to make the people aware of the change and gradually adapt to the change. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. SEO, M.G., Taylor, M.S., Hill, N.S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P.E. and Lorinkova, N.M., 2012. The role of affect and leadership during organizational change.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.121-165. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394

Wordsworths Use Of Nature Essays - British Poetry,

Wordsworth's Use Of Nature William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, West Cumberland, located in the northern part of England's Lake District. This area of England is famous for its splendid array of natural landscape. After losing his mother when he was just eight years old, Wordsworth was sent to live with Ann Tyson, who allowed Wordsworth to freely roam the beautiful countryside near Esthwaite Lake. The freedom Ann Tyson gave young Wordsworth allowed him to experience nature, and led him to a deep affinity and love for it. As critic Matthew Arnold says in his essay on Wordsworth, ?It is Wordsworth's relationship with nature that regards him as one of the most important poets of the Romantic period, allowing him to create great poetry because of the extraordinary power in which he feels joy is offered in nature?and because of the power in which he shows us this joy and renders it? (Encarta Encyclopedia online criticism). In 1798, the fist edition of Lyrical Ballads was published. Although the work incorporates some of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry, the majority of the pomes belong to Wordsworth. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth was able to publicly proclaim his belief of the importance of nature. The following paragraphs discuss some of Wordsworth's poems, as found in the 1802 edition of Lyrical Ballads, and how they reflect Wordsworth's use of nature. The first poem I will discuss is Wordsworth's ?Ode: Intimations of Immortality.? The theme of the poem deals with childhood memories of nature incorporating into the adult mind. The poem focuses on Wordsworth's belief that life on earth is a faint silhouette of an untainted existence recollected in childhood, yet it is forgotten through Rierson 2 the process of becoming an adult. In the first stanza, the speaker reflectively says there was a time when all of nature seemed dreamlike, yet that time has past. In the second stanza, the speaker says he still sees the rainbow, and the rose is still lovely. He says the moon looks across the sky with pleasure, and the ?sunshine is a glorious birth? (1.16). In the third stanza, while listening to birds sing and watching lambs play, the speaker is wounded with a painful thought, but the sound of a nearby waterfall and the music of the gusting wind brings back his strength. He announces his sadness will no longer ruin his experience. In the fourth stanza, the speaker announces to nature that his heart takes part in the blissful celebration surrounding him, and he is wrong to feel sullen on such a sweet May morning. However, a field in the distance and a pansy at his feet makes him think of something that is gone? (4.53). He asks what has happened to the visionary gleam,? and wonders, ?W here is it now, the glory and the dream? (4.56-57). The speaker of the poem is at odds with nature, yet Wordsworth consciously constructed the poem in this fashion to make the speaker an example of how unhappy a man can be if he is not connected with nature. Understanding that his grief comes from his inability to experience the May morning, as he would have as a child, the speaker attempts to be joyful. However, he is only able to experience happiness when he realizes he does possess the ability to understand nature. My next example of Wordsworth's use of nature is found in his poem ?I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.? The speaker of the poem relates himself to a cloud. He says he is wandering like a cloud floating above hills and valleys when he sees a host of daffodils beside a lake. The dancing flowers flutter along the lake's shore, while the waves of the Rierson 3 lake dance beside them. The speaker says, ?A poet could not but be gay,?(15) in such a joyful company of flowers. The speaker goes on to say that he gazed and gazed, but thought little of the wealth the scene would bring him. But now, whenever he feels vacant or pensive, (20) the memory of the dancing daffodils flashes upon that inward eye / That is the bliss of solitude, (21) his heart fills with pleasure, and dances

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such as da ta generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for plan ning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievement of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of intervention that is justified by the following reasons. First, planning helps in correcting market failure (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). A free market is considered to have failed if it cannot facilitate efficient and equitable distribution of goods. Public goods are often not provided by the private market because they are non-rivalrious and non-appropriable. This leads to market failure that can be avoided through planning for the provision of public goods. Second, planning helps in the prevention of negative externalities such as pollution (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). Third, the government can prevent the prisoner’s dilemma by mobilizing the citizens to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal. The prisoner’s dilemma is a situation where a person cannot achieve a certain objective by acting independently. Finally, planning helps in addressing the problem of the tragedy of the commons that occurs when a shared resource is depleted due to uncontrolled usage by its beneficiaries. This problem can be eliminated through plans that either regulate the use of the resource or expand it in response to the increase in demand. The Rational Synoptic Approach to Planning In synoptic planning, the systems perspective is adopted to articulate and to solve planning problems. This involves using mathematical models that establish the link between ends and means (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). Ends refer to the objectives that planners intend to achieve through planning, whereas means refer to the available resources and the constraints associate d with the planning process. The effectiveness of synoptic planning depends on the availability of quantitative data and analytical tools that enable planners to achieve their objectives. The synoptic planning process has four stages. In the first stage, planners set the goals that they intend to achieve through planning. The second stage involves identification of the policies that can be employed to achieve the objectives of the plan (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). At the third stage, the available resources (means) are evaluated against the identified objectives (ends). The fourth stage involves implementation of the policy identified in stage two. It is worth noting that planners do not have to follow these stages sequentially since they are intertwined.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the synoptic approach is superior to other planning methods in terms of simplicity, it has several weaknesses. To begin with, synoptic planning promotes centralization of planning activities such as problem definition and decision-making, thereby reducing the participation of the public in the planning process (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). The synoptic approach fails to acknowledge the fact that some planners have cognitive limits that hinder them from developing optimum solutions. The synoptic approach is also criticized because it presumes the general public interest instead of the pluralist interest. Process Verses Outcome The democratic proceduralists believe that process is the most important element of planning. Thus, planners should always focus on following democratic procedures to develop plans that lead to achievement of public interest. This perspective is opposed by the Kantian idealists who believe that the most important aspect of planning is its outcome. In this regard, planners should foc us on the outcomes rather than the procedures used to achieve them. A third perspective in this debate is that planners should use any means to achieve their objectives as long as their intentions are ethical. They should focus on revolutionary change by developing new plans to replace existing ones. Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) argues that process and outcomes or ends and means should not be considered as separate elements of the planning process. He further states that both process and outcome are important in planning. Thus, planners should not focus on process at the expense of outcome and vice versa. In my view, both process and outcome are important in planning. However, democratic procedures should be followed only if they lead to achievement of the interests of the public. Similarly, the expected outcome of planning should be considered acceptable only if it is likely to satisfy the needs of the citizens. The Goodness of New York City According to Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-4 71), a good city is characterized with the flourishing of the human population, multiplicity, and good governance. The human population flourishes if the city has adequate housing, social provision, remunerated work, and affordable healthcare. In New York City, majority of the residents have housing and jobs. However, healthcare is not affordable since a large number of residents still lack health insurance to access medical services.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multiplicity refers to â€Å"an autonomous civil life relatively free from direct supervision and control by the state† (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has met this criterion since the statutes of New York State and the constitution of the United States protect the citizens’ right to liberty and speech. This has led to the development of a vibrant civil life in New York City. The residents are free to form organizations to articulate their challenges without the interference of the state or government. Governance refers to the procedures used to make and enforce binding decisions in cities (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has good governance that focuses on transparency and responsiveness to the needs of the citizens. The governance is also inclusive since citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of policies that affect their lives through consultations. The political leaders in the city are directly elected by the citizens b ased on their inspiration and ability to create a shared vision for the electorate. In sum, New York is a good city since it has most of the attributes identified by Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471). References Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 121-130. Friedmann, J. (2000). The good city: In defense of utopian thinking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 460-471. Galloway, T., Mahayni, R. (1977). Planning theory in retrospect: The progress of paradigm change. Journal of the American Planning Association, 43(1), 62-69. Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town Planning Review, 63(2), 143-162. Hudson, B. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions . Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 387-396. Normativity in urban planning. (n.d). Web.

Prehistoric Life During the Paleogene Period

Prehistoric Life During the Paleogene Period The 43 million years of the Paleogene period represent a crucial interval in the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles, which were free to occupy new ecological niches after the demise of the dinosaurs following the K/T Extinction Event. The Paleogene was the first period of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present), followed by the Neogene period (23-2.6 million years ago), and is itself divided into three important epochs: the Paleocene (65-56 million years ago), the Eocene (56-34 million years ago) and the Oligocene (34-23 million years ago). Climate and Geography. With some significant hiccups, the Paleogene period witnessed a steady cooling of the earths climate from the hothouse conditions of the preceding Cretaceous period. Ice began to form at both the North and South poles and seasonal changes were more pronounced in the northern and southern hemispheres, which had a significant impact on plant and animal life. The northern supercontinent of Laurasia gradually broke apart into North America in the west and Eurasia in the east, while its southern counterpart Gondwana continued to fracture into South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica, all of which began drifting slowly to their present positions. Terrestrial Life Mammals. Mammals didnt suddenly appear on the scene at the start of the Paleogene period; in fact, the first primitive mammals originated in the Triassic period, 230 million years ago. In the absence of dinosaurs, though, mammals were free to radiate into a variety of open ecological niches. During the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, mammals still tended to be fairly small but had already started evolving along definite lines: the Paleogene is when you can find the earliest ancestors of whales, elephants, and odd- and even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). By the Oligocene epoch, at least some mammals had begun to grow to respectable sizes, though they werent nearly as impressive as their descendants of the ensuing Neogene period. Birds. During the early part of the Paleogene period, birds, and not mammals, were the dominant land animals on earth (which shouldnt be all that surprising, given that they had evolved from recently extinct dinosaurs). One early evolutionary trend was toward large, flightless, predatory birds like Gastornis, which superficially resembled meat-eating dinosaurs, as well as the meat-eating avians known as terror birds, but subsequent eons saw the appearance of more diverse flying species, which were similar in many respects to modern birds. Reptiles. Although dinosaurs, pterosaurs and marine reptiles had gone completely extinct by the start of the Paleogene period, the same wasnt true for their close cousins, the crocodiles, which not only managed to survive the K/T Extinction but actually flourished in its aftermath (while retaining the same basic body plan). The deepest roots of snake and turtle evolution can be located in the later Paleogene, and small, inoffensive lizards continued to scurry underfoot. Marine Life Not only the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago; so did their vicious marine cousins, the mosasaurs, along with the last remaining plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. This sudden vacuum at the top of the marine food chain naturally spurred the evolution of sharks (which had already been around for hundreds of millions of years, though in smaller sizes). Mammals had yet to venture fully into the water, but the earliest, land-dwelling ancestors of whales prowled the Paleogene landscape, most notably in central Asia, and may have had semi-amphibious lifestyles. Plant Life Flowering plants, which had already made a cameo appearance toward the end of the Cretaceous period, continued to flourish during the Paleogene. The gradual cooling of the earths climate paved the way for vast deciduous forests, mostly on the northern continents, with jungles and rainforests increasingly restricted to equatorial regions. Toward the end of the Paleogene period, the first grasses appeared, which would have a significant impact on animal life during the ensuing Neogene period, spurring the evolution of both prehistoric horses and the saber-toothed cats that preyed on them.

Compare and contrast Poes Prospero to Alan Stanford Essay

Compare and contrast Poes Prospero to Alan Stanford - Essay Example For prince Prospero the external world could take care of itself while he took care of himself. Once prince Prospero’s territory became half depopulated instead of attempting to save the remaining population he summons a thousand hale and light hearted friends of his court and retires into the deep seclusion of the crenellated abbeys. The rooms of the palace are decorated in single colors. The room which is the eastern most is decorated in blue along with blue stained glass windows. The next room with purple and in this pattern the rooms westward continued to be designed with the color scheme of green, orange, white and violet. The seventh room is designed in black and red windows along with an ebony clock. The pendulum swung with a dull monotonous clang that struck a sound that was loud and deep and with a peculiar note that enabled the orchestra pause their performance and to hearken to the sound wherein the waltzers grew pale and confused. Once the chimes had stopped laughter once again pervaded the gathering. Midnight opens up the doors for a new guest who is mysterious and ghoulishly dressed and whose face is resembles a corpse with spots of blood. Indeed this guest has been a victim of Red Death. Prospero naturally is angry when the character is void of humor and levity and who crashes the party, â€Å""Who dares"--he demanded hoarsely of the courtiers who stood near him--"who dares insult us with this blasphemous mockery? Seize him and unmask him--that we may know whom we have to hang, at sunrise, from the battlements!" (Poe, 1984) This nameless awe did indeed inspire the party but none had the courage to put forth their hand to seize him. â€Å"But first let me tell of the rooms in which [the masquerade] was held.† (Poe, 1984) Unimpeded this guest stealthy moved around and made his way around uninterruptedly but with the same solemn and measured step which had distinguished him from the first, through the blue chamber to the

Beyond Leadership, the Social Architecture for the Future Essay

Beyond Leadership, the Social Architecture for the Future - Essay Example The significant policies for this purpose may include Risk Management, Human Resource Management, and Procurement of goods and services, marketing.† (File Format†¦) The listing of legal responsibilities is long. Some of the important ones are annual business plans, long term plans, capital needs and budget, manpower planning, preparation of quarterly operating results, and framing a perfect system of internal audit, planning joint ventures, fulfill the demand of the revenue and regulatory authorities. Warren Bennis (1997) writes, â€Å"The new leader is one who commits people into action, who converts followers into leaders, and who may convert leaders into agents of change. â€Å"(p.3) In a military environment, the four actions that should be taken on assuming a new leadership position are: Determine what is expected of your unit; determine what is expected of you; determine the strengths and weaknesses of your subordinates; determine what other key people whose willing support is necessary to accomplish your job.(Military†¦.) A leader immediately after his posting, has to quickly take stock of his duties and responsibilities in the given environment and with the tools available to him. He is a poor leader who has the habit of complaining about the inadequacies and the facilities not provided. In any organization, including the military set-up, there are compulsive limitations of financial resources and constraint of policy decisions. If your resources are not adequate, you need to carry on with the available resources. But the discipline in the unit needs to be perfect; as a leader you cannot say, I somehow carry on with the available discipline! The co-leader may or may not have the power of positional authority, but such an individual does enjoy the authority that may be delegated to him from time to time. Or a co-leader may be given fixed duties and responsibilities to manage and take care of the unit in a military set-up, for which he will be held

A religious or moral issue Essay Example for Free

A religious or moral issue Essay Analyse and explain the way in which a religious or moral issue of concern to Christians has been dealt with in a television soap opera The moral issue that I have chosen to follow is adultery, which is when a married person has voluntary sexual intercourse with other married or not married people, rather than his or her spouse. The reason I have chosen this moral issue is because it is part of everyday life, many people are doing it and are not taking notice of the hurt and pain they are causing. I have chosen Eastenders for my soap opera, because it is a popular soap and the moral issue adultery is shown, through Natalie and Rickys affair. Christians have a strong view on adultery, they believe that you should keep sexual intercourse for marriage because it makes it part of a religious or spiritual contact and it makes it dependant on a commitment to spend the rest of your life with someone, also Do not commit adultery is one of the ten commandments, so Christians are totally against adultery. The main characters involved were Ricky, Natalie, Pat and Barry. The storyline begins with, Ricky and his son Liam coming back to the square after a few years away. After a few weeks Ricky is starting to settle down and he is renting a flat with Sam Mitchell his ex-wife, Natalie and Ricky are friends at this point. After a while Natalie realizes she still loves Ricky, her first love, and starts meeting up with him secretly and has sexual intercourse with him. Natalie makes up excuses saying that shes working overtime and during her lunch breaks when shes really meeting up with Ricky. One night Pat sees Ricky picking up Natalie from round the corner from their house. The next morning Pat confronts Natalie about what she saw and tells her to end it but Natalie starts crying and says that she still loves Ricky, but Pat tells Natalie about her own love life and that she would be making a big mistake by seeing Ricky. Natalie is still confused and not sure whom she wants to be with. On Rickys birthday Natalie stays home and looks after Jack and Liam, Rickys son. So Barry, Pat and Roy can go to Rickys party soon after they arrive Barry persuades Roy and Pat to go home and baby-sit so Natalie can come to the party. When Natalie arrives she gives Ricky his card and on the back of the envelope Natalie wrote meet me outside the back where she tells him that she is going to leave Barry. Pat and Natalie talk again and Pat shows Natalie the secret tape, which Barry has recorded for Natalies birthday it is a really special tape because Barry says how much he loves her, how important she is to him and how happy she makes him feel, after seeing the video Natalie realises that she is doing wrong and tells Ricky its over. Natalie realises she cant forget Ricky and soon their affair is back on and they plan to move away from the square and start afresh. They plan to leave on Natalies birthday, Natalie doesnt even care about the preparations that Barry made for her birthday party in the Vic. They are ready to head off but Rickys car has broken down so they have to take the car that Barry bought for Natalie. Barry is still in the Vic waiting for the guest of honour to arrive but Janine knows about Ricky and Natalie and tells Barry. Barry runs outside and sees Natalie driving off but he stops them. Natalie then tells Barry shes leaving him, Barry takes her into the Vic and shows her what he has organised for her, Natalie runs off to the toilets Barry runs after her and tries o make her change her mind but her minds already made up. Natalie is ready to leave but then Janine tells Natalie that Ricky slept with Sam, Natalie leaves the square only taking her son with her. Barry is left heartbroken, he then finds out that Pat knew about Ricky and Natalie, Pat and Roy end up having an argument about it, Roy has a heart attack and dies. The issue seen was dealt sensitively because the different characters feelings were expressed, although it was Natalie who was having the affair, you could see that not only was it the innocent partner that was confused but the partner which was committing adultery was even more confused, Natalie wasnt sure who she wanted to be with at some points and was getting very upset over it. Pat tried to help her make the right decision but Natalie didnt care. This soap opera made the moral issue less appealing, I think that it made people think more about what they are doing is totally wrong. The reason it did not make it more appealing is because it showed all the different circumstances people were left in, Natalie ended it with Ricky because he slept with Sam, Barry was left with no son and no wife, the baby was left with no father, Pat was left as the enemy and homeless because Roy dies and leaves the house to Barry, so the issue was shown well balanced because all the main characters feelings and circumstances were shown, many of the characters were feeling hurt. Overall I think this soap opera has shown adultery to be unpleasant because it shows just how many peoples lives are ruined not just the adultery committers, but people who try to help them understand what they are doing is wrong, but are then given the evil for not telling the truthful partner. So this teaches most viewers that adultery is not a good thing. I dont think that soap operas might affect peoples behaviour because mostly they deal with issues to express the circumstances of good and bad. This issue would not cause offence because although it is an issue, which is happening in everyday life it is not based on particular people.

The Way of Life Frank Represents Compared to Ritas :: Educating Rita Relationships Willy Russell Essays

The Way of Life Frank Represents Compared to Rita's Rita is seeking a better way of living her life and Frank represents the life style she wishes to live. She understands she is of a working class background, and wants to be more cultured. Rita wants more meaning to her life. She wants to know the right things to say and what wine to buy, the type of attributes she admires in Frank, and people similar to him. She does not want to be just a housewife and mother, the two exact things Denny her husband wants her to be in order that she fits in with the rest of their society. He tries to control her and prevent her from learning, he burns her books and constantly nags at her to come off the pill so that she can have a child and settle down, just like everyone else they know. Denny's ideas are evident when he says; 'There's a time for education. An' it's not when y' twenty-six an' married.' Basically she has to make a choice between her education or her family, because as she changes to become a more sophisticated and educated woman, she widens the gap between her and the people in her old life, them being ignorant and uncultured. First of all, it is noticeable that because of Rita's working class background, one particular quality of hers is her lack of self-consciousness, which prevents her from being prudish. This is revealed in Act 1 Scene 1 when Rita comments on Frank's picture on the wall; "Look at those tits," she says bluntly, within minutes of meeting her new tutor. Frank, having had a middle class upbringing is embarrassed by her frank observation. He has the good judgment to realise that on first being acquainted with someone this kind of comment is not really appropriate, whereas Rita is almost like a child, not having the expected amount of subtlety and the sense to be discreet. These qualities are what hinders Rita from becoming more like Frank. However, it is this type of behaviour which draws Frank to Rita, he finds her new, unique, and original because she does not follow the unspoken rule of how to behave on meeting a stranger. In Act 1 Scene 1 he describes her as; "The first breath of air that's been in this room for years." He views his life as dull and stale, Rita stepping in begins to make his life seem more interesting, she livens it up. On becoming more educated, Rita also has to leave behind a positive aspect of her old life, a close-knit community with close links.

Campbell Management Consulting Case Analysis

Campbell Management Consulting Case Analysis Situation Analysis In the Campbell Management Consulting case, Lauzon Automotive hopes to become more efficient. Central Engineering Manager, Peter Cole, has hired Colin Campbell to conduct a series of studies, beginning with the role of â€Å"tug operator†. The workload carried by the tug operator position has decreased in recent years due to decreases in the amount of waste generated at the plant; however, staff level of the role has remained constant over the same period. Campbell is observing and analyzing the utilization of workers in the position to determine if cutbacks would be beneficial. Campbell is met with hostility, however, on the part of the union workers who fear losing their jobs. In addition to being openly hostile towards Campbell, the workers have opted to participate in a â€Å"work-to-rule† campaign to show their dissatisfaction with the study. The campaign is a strike technique in which workers do the minimum amount of work necessary, or follow the policies and procedures so closely, that productivity is hampered or halted altogether. Since huge losses result from the shutdown of the plant, which could be a result of their work-to-rule campaign, it is wise to avoid its enactment. The root causes of the issues include job design problems, specifically with inflexibility. This narrow description has caused workers to be able to enact the work-to-rule campaign. In addition, general management of the workforce is another concern. Cole, a young manager, needs to get a better grip on the tenured union employees and enforce company policies. Issues with the union also abound; under no circumstances should a consultant be harassed, as Campbell was, by one the Lauzon employees. PROJECT TITLE: | Campbell Management Consulting| Date:| 9/13/2011| | Owner:| Michelle Crawford| Background| | Recommendations| *In 1998, Japanese automakers have 30% share of industry vs. the decreasing 60% share held by North American manufacturers. *Production rates for American automakers had dropped 2-3% in few years leading up to 1998. | | A job analysis and reformation of the job description is required to impede any future attempts at enforcing a work-to-rule or other strike tactic. The measurable will be compliance from the workforce as well as increased efficiency in the tug operator role. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Current Situation| | | *In order to remain competitive, Lauzon Automotive is looking to become more efficient. *Colin Campbell has been hired to diagnose problems and inefficiencies, beginning with the role of â€Å"tug operator†. *The workload carried by the tug loader position had decreased steadily in the past few years due to decreases in waste production, yet staff level of this role remained constant over the same period. The tug operator position is occupied by senior union employees, who are reacting negatively to the study and staging work-to-rule protests. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plan| | | 1 – Perform job analysis on the tug operator position. Redefine the role so that it includes measurables like timeliness of deliveries as well as safety regulations. Include any duties that may have been previo usly undefined in the description. 2 – Have Peter, and perhaps a more senior employee, meet with union leaders on the hostility issues. A â€Å"no-tolerance† rule on harassment should be implemented – and offenders immediately fired. 3 – During this meeting, Peter should assure the tug operators that their jobs are not at risk. Given that most of them are within one year of retirement, Peter should allow their retirement to naturally reduce the number of workers in the role, and only hire on/promote more tug operators as necessary based on utilization calculations, which will need to include travel time between gondolas. – Peter should explain the reformation in the job description. This will be instrumental not only in preventing work-to-rule protests from employees, but will also aide when training newly hired tug operators, when the time comes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Goal(s)| | | Effectively manage the number of workers in the tug operator position for maximum efficiencies, without causing unrest amongst the union employees and possibly causing a strike. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Analysis| | | | | | | | Utilization rate of workers per shift (assuming one refuel per shift): 180 (# of gondolas) X 5. 35 m (average service time per sample gondola) = 984. 25 m (total time to service gondolas per shift) 510 m (per shift) – 30 m (lunch) – 60 m (breaks) – 15 m (refuel) = 405 m (per worker per shift) 405 m (per worker per shift) X 5 (workers per shift) = 2025 m (total time workers available) 984. 5 / 2025 = workers operating at 48. 6% capacity. However, it should be noted that Campbell's data is incomplete because it does not include travel time between the gondolas. This would clearly effect the recommendations, so I do not think it would be acceptable for Campbell to consider cutting jobs at this time. Root causes *Job design – too narrow a definition, allowing workers to enact work-to-rule. Management of the workforce: Peter, the young manager, seems to be getting pushed around by the tenured union employees, hampering productivity *Issues with the union: ho stility and unrest that should not be tolerated | | Follow up| | | Meet with union leaders and tug operators again to discuss any issues with the new job description. Enlist their support in providing feedback to enhance the description. They should view the consulting team as their allies. Finally approve new description, and then monitor retirement dates for when to expect an increase in role productivity. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Assumptions and Missing Information The key piece of information that is missing is the travel time between one gondola and the next. Without this data, it is impossible to accurately determine the utilization of tug operators. Problem Definition The key issue in this case is the narrow job design and definition of the tug operator position, allowing for strike tactics. The secondary issue is management of the workforce and issues with the union. Development of Alternatives One alternative would be to continue the study to acquire the data necessary. Campbell could return to the floor and observe the time it takes to travel from one gondola to another, and then complete his utilization rate analysis. Evaluation of Alternatives and Recommendations If Campbell decides to complete his evaluation of the role, it might further damage the relationship between management and the union, causing more unrest and workplace disruption. I would advise against this, especially since the majority of tug operators are planning to retire within one year. In light of this, I recommend that Campbell abandon his study of utilization rate in favor of job analysis on the tug operator position. The job description should then be modified as necessary so that work-to-rule campaigns will no longer be an issue. Campbell should also advise Cole on how to handle his relationship with the union in the future. Implementation Plan The implementation timeline should look as follows: * Perform job analysis on tug operator position. * Redefine the role so that it includes measurables like timeliness of deliveries as well as safety regulations. Include any duties that may have been previously undefined in the description. * Cole should meet with union leaders on hostility issues and address strike concerns. * Assure them that their jobs are safe and that not cooperating with or expressing hostility towards Campbell will not be tolerated. Cole should also explain the changes to the job description and enlist the help of the tug operators for any future developments with it. Conclusion Narrow job descriptions can become host to numerous workplace issues, including strike protests like the one exhibited in this case. Evaluating them, and maintaining a good relationship with the workforce, is crucial to success, efficiency, and sustainability. References Cruji, Colin. Richard Ivey School of Business. (1999) Campbell M anagement Consulting.

Do video games contribute to teen violence? Essay

Two teens in black leather coats waited with their vehicles near the west entrance of Columbine High School. The teens, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , headed toward the school. Armed with four guns, several knives and dozens of home-made explosives, they launched their assault, injuring several students and killing two before entering the building. The school shooting that took place on April 20, 1999, was evidently a very devastating and emotional day, but what many fail to comprehend is what led these two students to such drastic measures. After various studies, and concrete evidence, a rational explanation may be that these two killers were fanatical players of violent video games. Unfortunately, the destructive impact violent media has on today’s youth doesn’t end there. Violent video games have been known to cause aggression in players, increased reports of bullying, violence and ruins the virtuous morals instilled in today’s generation. Studies support that there is a strong link between violent video games and aggressive conduct. Many children that take part in playing violent games often report feelings of aggression and violence. According to the Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, â€Å"It is intuitive that young kids who play violent video games, compared to young kids who do not play violent video games, will be more aggressive in certain real-life situations. † In other words, children who play violent video games tend to see the world from a hostile perspective, triggering them to be verbally as well as physically aggressive. This is obvious considering the fact that violent video games portray violent behaviors and suggestive material. Procon states, â€Å"A 2009 study found that it takes up to four minutes for the level of aggressive thoughts and feelings in children to return to normal after playing violent video games†. These four minutes of aggression is enough to compose violent thoughts in children. Exposing our adolescents or even our general population to these sorts of behaviors can lead to serious and possibly fatal consequences, for instance bullying and school shootings. Violent media can be very influential and unhealthy exposure may result in disastrous consequences, such as bullying. Though it may seem extreme, studies reveal that after just 10 minutes of violent video games the mind becomes desensitized to the fact that you’re killing someone, and according to psychologist Michele Borba, it can also result in less empathy towards others . Adolescents that play violent video games tend to associate pleasure with the ability to cause pain in others(â€Å"Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence†). Players can sometimes confuse fantasy with reality and at the very least, their brain finds happiness in the suffering of others, which could possibly lead to bullying. The 2008 study Grand Theft Childhood reported that 60% of middle school boys who played at least one Mature-rated game hit or beat up someone, compared to 39% of boys that did not play Mature-rated games (â€Å"Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence†). Young people that bully others often times are also involved in playing violent video games, and the violence portrayed on screen, lead players to violence in real life. Not only do violent games contribute to bullying, scientists also suspect that violent games may play a role in school shootings and other massacres. One of the most extreme, and disturbing effects of violent media is evident in school shootings such as the Newton Elementary Shooting, killing 26 first graders and the Columbine Massacre, killing 13 students. The Hartford Courant has reported that, â€Å"Adam Lanza, Newton Elementary school shooter, spent hours playing graphically violent video games in his basement before the shooting that killed 26 children and faculty at the school and Lanza’s mother at her home. † Obviously, Lanza was influenced by the violence in the video games which then caused him to commit these horrific murders of young, innocent children. According to the Carey Benedict, a journalist for The New York Times, families of the victims of the Columbine shooting sued Sony, SEGA and Capcom for the violent video games the gunmen, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, played. Klebold and Harris were avid players of violent games, The New York Times states, â€Å"They [Klebold and Harris] relied on(†¦) games to express their rage and(†¦) cutting them off in 1998 sent them into crisis. † When the teens lost their priviledges, they went on a violent rampage to express their rage and committed a mass murder, The gruesome images portrayed in games can possibly lead to extreme mental issues and destroy the morals we strive to instill in our youth. Our adolescents today will create an impact on tomorrow but our hopes of a bright future may be marred due to the violent nature of video games. Video games cause a decrease in sensitivity and compassion in adolescents, making them less caring and unsympathetic. The American Psychological Association states, â€Å"playing violent games is also related to children being less willing to be caring and helpful towards their peers. † Video games decrease compassion in kids, and could possibly lead to an insensitive, hostile generation. In addition to reducing sympathetic emotions, video games also allow children to witness foul language, teaching them vulgar words which could influence them to use them in real life (â€Å"The Positive and Negative Effects of Video Games†). Another effect, violent media has on today’s generation are gender inequality. In a majority of video games, women are often portrayed as weaker characters that are helpless or sexually provocative. Procon has stated that, â€Å"A 1998 study found that 21% of games sampled involved violence against women. † Victoria Beck, a professor at University of Wisconsin , states that, Video games showing sexual objectification of women and violence against women resulted in statistically significant increased rape rape-supportive attitudes for male study participants. † This proves that exposure to sexual violence in video games is associated to increases in violence directed at women and fake attitudes about rape such as, women incite men to rape or that women secretly desire rape. This sort of an outlook on women could greatly harm our adolescents and laws of today’s and tomorrow’s society, possibly causing rape and therefore, leading to all sorts of violence. Insensitivity and rape, these are only a few of the critical effects of violent media, but what exactly is the cause of these disasters? It is apparent that playing violent video games has many destructive effects, but the serious psychological effects are often overlooked. Douglas A. Gentile, a psychologist in Handbook of Children, Culture and Violence, states, â€Å"In a series of studies with children adolescents found that video game violence exposure was related to a wide array of aggression. † Video games seemingly cause aggression in people, and extended exposure could put our future in jeopardy. People who played video games obsessively could also become socially withdrawn, like the shooters in the Columbine Massacre. Constant exposure to digital violence could fuel their minds and give them the idea that it’s okay to commit acts of violence. The opposition may claim that, not everyone is affected by the violence presented in some video games, but violent media affects everyone, at least, to some extent. For example, playing video games could be compared to smoking cigarettes. A single cigarette won’t cause lung cancer, but smoking over weeks or months or years greatly increases the risk. In the same way, repeated exposure to violent video games may have a cumulative effect on aggression. Though, only one third of smokers get cancer that does not necessarily mean that smoking is acceptable for the other two thirds of smokers. Similarly, video games may only have an extreme effect on those with mental health issues, but this does not mean that the repeated acts of violence portrayed in these games is suitable for others to observe, in fact, the repeated exposure could have a damaging effect over time.

Social Security Administration Hiring Freeze May Cause Backlog

Social Security Administration Hiring Freeze May Cause Backlog SSA Hiring Freeze May Contribute to Increased Backlog in Disability Cases The Social Security Administration recently announced a hiring freeze, which could increase the backlog in Social Security Disability cases.Andrew Saul, the new SSA Commissioner, announced the freeze on July 31, and the notice stated the freeze was enacted in an effort to help improve hearings and field office wait times.The freeze affects all headquarters and regional offices.Hiring Freeze Announced After Nearly Decade-Long Budget Cuts This announcement comes in the wake of nearly a decade of significant cuts in the administration. As reported in a previous blog post, The SSA has made reductions in staff as its operating budget was decreased by 9% from 2010-2018.In that time, 67 field offices were closed, resulting in roughly 2,000 less field office staff members to serve beneficiaries.This decrease in offices and staff occurred although the number of beneficiaries increased by 17%, contributing to the backlog in cases.The Effect of SSA Budget Cuts Felt Sharply by Disability Applica nts Increased wait times in an already complex process can be challenging for those applying for disability benefits. One of the most shocking and tragic outcomes of the backlog in cases is that many applicants die while waiting for an appeal.In fact, 9,714 people died while waiting for an appeal in 2016.Uncertainty About Effects of the Freeze The recent freeze may affect the hiring of a new class of Administrative Law Judges. The hiring of more judges could help decrease wait times, as the average wait time for a hearing is a year and a half.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan  works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the  Social Security Disability Benefitsà ‚  they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  now for a free consultation at  800-701- 5524.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve. Michigan Disability Attorney, Social Security Disability, Social Security Disability Backlog, Social Security Disability Lawyer

How to Create a Character Profile the Ultimate Guide (with Template)

How to Create a Character Profile the Ultimate Guide (with Template) How to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template) Ask any great novelist and they’ll likely tell you that good writing starts with good characters. But sharp character development is also one of the toughest hills to climb, especially if you’ve struggled to think through those tried-and-true questions that keep you up at night:Are my characters convincing?Do my characters have depth?How do I make sure my character has an arc?If you’re having these doubts, you might want to turn to the age-old solution: a character profile. In this post, we take you through all the steps of creating a character profile requires - and give you a character template that you can use with any story you’re writing.Why create a character profile?What’s the point of filling out a character template? I never end up using all the information in my story, anyway! That’s true. In fact, you shouldn’t try to pack every character detail into your novel. Only use what's relevant to the actual story - otherwise you risk turning off readers with the dreaded "info dump."But the author always needs to understand their characters like the back of their hands. In Creating Unforgettable Characters: A Practical Guide to Character Development, Linda Seger compares the depth of a character to an iceberg. The audience will only see a fraction (maybe 10%) of all that the writer knows about their character. But the remaining 90% is what makes characters actually feel well-drawn, flawed, and real - as though they could live outside of the book itself.Those are the kinds of characters our character questionnaire is here to help you write.PRO-TIP:  If you're still in the beginning stages of building a character and need a name, this character name generator may come in handy.So what makes a good character profile?There are a lot of character questionnaires out there - some are good. Then there's the character template that asks you, â€Å"If your character was a color, what color would they be?†On ce you start answering those kinds of questions in a character template, you might be dealing with overkill. It won’t move the needle at all when it comes to character development.A better character profile is one that actually helps you build a holistic picture of your character in the context of your story. With this in mind, we built a character profile worksheet in three parts. If you treat a person like an apple, they’re going to have three layers of depth: the â€Å"skin,† the â€Å"flesh,† and the â€Å"core.† (Otherwise known as their physical appearance, backstory, and psychology.) That’s how this character template is structured - and if you have a particular area that you’d like to hone, you can skip to it below. Otherwise, this questionnaire will start with the eagle eye’s view of your character. And if you'd like to download it nicely formatted for you already in a PDF format, feel free to do so below! Ready? Let’s begin.PART 1: The Outer Layer, or Physical Appearance PART 2: The Flesh, or Backstory PART 3: The Core, or PsychologyPart 1: The Outer LayerTo be able to identify a criminal, detectives build a painstakingly thorough file of said criminal’s physical characteristics.That’s the goal of this section, which covers the â€Å"skin† of your character: everything from their outer appearance to the way that they speak. Think of it as a kind of offender profile - one that can help you spot your character in the middle of a crowded Times Square.ðŸ“â€" THE BASICSNameAgePlace of birthCurrent locationNationalityEducationOccupationIncome👀 PHYSICAL APPEARANCEWhat's their:eye color?hair style?build?Do they have any distinguishing features (tattoos, scars, birthmarks)?What's their preferred outfit?Do they wear glasses?  Ã°Å¸â€˜â€œWhat accessories are ALWAYS associated with them (cane, pipe, necklace, etc.)?  Ã°Å¸Å'‚What's their usual level of grooming?DisheveledSmart, very put togetherUntidy but cleanOther?Do they have any distinguishing â€Å" tics† and mannerisms?What's their health like? Do they suffer from chronic illnesses?  Ã°Å¸  ¥Describe their handwriting (sloppy, neat, careful, unintelligible).  Ã¢Å" How do they walk?  Ã°Å¸â€˜ £Confident, powerful stridesLazy strollFast, walks at a clipDistracted, eyes on the groundOther?💠¬ SPEECH AND COMMUNICATIONHow do they talk (rapid, slow, measured, drawl, etc.)?What's the style of their speech (elevated, educated, peppered with slang, etc.)?Do they have an accent?Posture:Stiff, militarySlouchingCasual and relaxed‘Turtle,’ tiredOther?Do they gesture?Only when agitated or eagerDoesn’t gestureCompulsive â€Å"hand-talker†Controlled, only to make a pointOther? If so, explain:How much eye contact that they like to make (direct, shifty, etc.)?What's their preferred curse word?What's their catchphrase?Any speech impediments?What are any distinguishing speech â€Å"tics†?What's their laugh like? What do they tend to find funny?D escribe their smile?How emotive are they? Do they wear their emotions on their sleeve? How easily can others to read them?They have a resting _____ face.Bitch 😒Angel 😇Neutral 😠Other?Part 2: The FleshCharacters don’t exist in a vacuum - they’re a product of their environment.This section in the character template dives a bit deeper into your character and covers their â€Å"flesh†: the people, circumstances, and formative influences that filled them out and made them who they are today. It’s the springboard to your character’s biography.⠏ ª THE PASTWhat's the name of their hometown?  Ã°Å¸  ¡What type of childhood did they have (sheltered, neglected, etc.)?Describe their education?  Ã°Å¸  Were they involved in organizations and clubs at school?Sports âš ½Debate ðŸâ€" £Gay / Straight AllianceModel UNDrama 🎠­Other? If so, explain:At graduation, they were named Most Likely To ___________ in the yearbook.  Ã° ŸŽ“Jobs (if applicable)? What would their rà ©sumà © look like?  Ã°Å¸â€™ ¼What was their dream job as a child? Why?Who were their role models growing up? Describe them.  Ã°Å¸â€˜ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ Ã°Å¸â€˜ ¦What's their greatest regret?What were their hobbies growing up?  Ã¢â€º ³Favorite place to be as a child?What's their earliest memory?What's their saddest memory?What's their happiest memory?What's their clearest memory?What are their skeletons in the closet?  Ã°Å¸â€™â‚¬If they could change one thing from their past, what would it be? Why?  Ã¢  ³Describe the major turning points or â€Å"life beats† in childhood.What are three adjectives to describe them as a child?What advice would they give to their younger self?List their criminal record.   👠ª FAMILYFather  Ã°Å¸â€˜ ¨Age (if living)OccupationBriefly describe their relationship with your characterMother  Ã°Å¸â€˜ ©Age (if living)OccupationBriefly describe their relationship with your characterSiblings👠§How many?What are their names and ages?Briefly describe their relationship(s) with your characterChildren  Ã°Å¸â€˜ ¶(if applicable)Age (if living)OccupationBriefly describe their relationship with your characterExtended family  Ã°Å¸â€˜ ´GrandparentsUncles and auntsCousinsOtherWhat's their family's economic status?  Ã°Å¸â€™ °How often do they see their family in a year?ðŸ’Å" EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPSWho are their closest friends? Describe them.Who are their other significant friends?  Ã°Å¸â€˜â€¹Enemies? Describe them.  Ã°Å¸Ëœ ¡How are they perceived by:strangers in the street?acquaintances at a work function?colleagues in the office?authority figures?friends in their friend circles?children?the opposite sex?extended family?What social media platfo rms are they on?TwitterTumblrFacebookRedditInstagramSnapchatOther? If so, explain.How would they use their social media platforms?How would they fill out an online dating profile for themselves?  Ã¢Å" ¨What’s their role in a group dynamic?  Ã°Å¸â€™ ¡LeaderJokerParentHype manMoochOther? If so, explain.Who do they depend on for:practical advice?mentoringa wingman?emotional support?moral support?How quickly do they respond to emails?  Ã°Å¸â€œ ¨What do they want from a relationship?Who would be their ideal partner?  Ã°Å¸â€™â€"Who is their significant other? Describe them.  Ã°Å¸â€™â€¢How many people would attend their funeral?Part 3: The CoreWe’ve come now to the â€Å"core†: who your character is deep down.This section in the character profile worksheet covers the â€Å"heart† of your character. If a backstory shapes a dynamic character, this will define them. More importantly, it will help inform the two most important points leading up to your nov el: the character’s story goal and story motivation.💠­ PSYCHOLOGYWhat do they do on rainy days?Are they:Street-smart or book-smartAn optimist or pessimistIntroverted or ExtrovertedWhat is their favorite sound?  Ã°Å¸â€Å Favorite place in the world?  Ã°Å¸Å'ŽWhat secrets do they keep? What are they most afraid of people finding out?  Ã°Å¸â€â€™What do they want the most?  Ã°Å¸â€ What's their biggest flaw?What's their biggest strength?What's their biggest fear?What is their biggest accomplishment?  Ã°Å¸â€œË†What is their idea of perfect happiness?What's their favorite quote?  Ã°Å¸â€˜Å'Do they want to be remembered? What for?  Ã¢Å'Å¡How do they approach:power?ambition?love?change?What is the one object or possession that they would rescue from their burning home?  Ã°Å¸â€ ¥What (or who) bores them?  Ã°Å¸â€™ ¤What makes them angry?  Ã°Å¸â€™ ¢What do they look for in a person?How strong is their moral compass? When, specifically, are they willing to co mpromise their morals?List the last 10 books they read.  Ã°Å¸â€œÅ¡Which fictional world would they most wish to visit?If they didn’t have to sleep, what would they do with the extra time?What are their pet peeves?  Ã¢Å¡  If they won the lottery, what would they do?Describe the character’s bucket list at the ages of 15, 20, 30, and 40.List the 10 songs that would occupy their All-Time Most Played playlist on Spotify.  Ã°Å¸Å½ µWhat is the best compliment that someone ever paid them?In an elevator, do they push the elevator button more than once?  Ã°Å¸Å¡ ªWhat would they want their tombstone to say?🔠® THE PRESENT AND FUTUREWhat is their story goal? (answer in a single paragraph)Story motivation (answer in a single paragraph)In other words: what does your character want in the story? Why do they want it? Every other answer in the character template builds up to this. This is critical information to know because it’ll make up the unshakable foundation - and raison d'à ªtre - for your story. Whenever you feel like your story is straying off course, go straight back to your character’s story goal and motivation.And if you lose physical sight of this character template, don’t sweat because we made it a portable resource for you.The Ultimate Character Profile TemplateThis downloadable character profile template will come as a fillable PDF file. Simply save it on to your computer and start typing in the text boxes to start developing your character.Additional resourcesIf you’re in an interrogatory mood and want even more questions outside of this character template, we’ve got your back. Here are some more famous tests with which to quiz your character - and a character questionnaire or two for your further perusal!The Proust QuestionnaireWhat it is: A set of questions popularized by Marcel Proust that digs into an individual’s personality.Some sample questions:What do you regard as the lowest dep th of misery?What is the trait you most deplore in others?On what occasion do you lie?Arthur Aron’s Intimacy TestWhat it is: A questionnaire of 36 questions that the New York Times in 2015 said would break down emotional barriers and accelerate intimacy between two strangers.Some sample questions:Is there something that you’ve dreamed of doing for a long time? Why haven’t you done it?Of all the people in your family, whose death would you find most disturbing? Why?If a crystal ball could tell you the truth about yourself your life, the future, or anything else, what would you want to know?The Book of QuestionsWhat it is: A series of questions by Gregory Stock that was initially published in 1987. (Note: you can find a PDF of 300+ questions here.)Some sample questions:At a meal, your friends start belittling a common acquaintance. If you felt their criticisms were unjustified, would you defend the person?Are you able to separate sex from love?When you make a big sacrifice, do you tell people about it or keep it to yourself? What would you never willingly sacrifice? Your life? Your health? Your integrity? Your dreams?Vault’s 101 Behavioral QuestionsWhat it is: A set of 101 interview questions from career site, Vault.Some sample questions:Where do you see yourself in ten years? Twenty years?Tell me about yourself in 30 seconds.Tell me about a time you had to break a promise. What was the situation and how did you handle it?If you're looking to hone your characters even further, here are seven of the best character development exercises. Keep an open mind as you work through every question and you'll be on your way to creating well-drawn, interesting characters in no time at all.Have you used a character profile or a character questionnaire to develop your characters before? Do you have any dependable character questions that our questionnaire lacks? Tell us in the comments below!

Report Toys4U Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report Toys4U Ltd - Essay Example The legal implications are the following: On March 3, 2010 eight Polaris toy missiles arrived at toys4u from the supplier instead of the 10 because it was claimed that the two other were damaged during handling by the fork lift, and the other one was clearly badly broken due to transporting. The redundancy of broken toys from one delivery should have alarmed Toys4u that the whole stock might be defective; however instead of being careful and cautious the retailer went on disposing the product. Toys4U has been negligent to put first the safety of their clients. Mrs. Sharma can make her legal claims against the toy retailer for negligence. However, in the absence of proof that there has been neglect, Mrs. Sharma just the same can make a claim for the injury her son Pritam has suffered. Mrs. Sharma can also make a claim for a damage property under the same Act. These can be done even without proving the negligence of the producer as long as they can prove that the injury and the damage are direct result of using the product (P roduct Liability, Defective Products, Unsafe Products Quick Facts 2007). The Polaris missile that was sold to Mrs. Sharma was clearly defective and therefore can be categorized as ‘unsafe product’. An unsafe product means in general something that the consumer does not expect from what she or he bought. When a consumer buy a product there is a general assumption that the product is safe for use. In the event that accidents like that of what took place at the house of Mrs. Sharma, there is provision in the law. Consumer Protection Act 1987 made a strict and clear liability concerning damage that is a result of a defective product. Damage means death, or injury; or loss or damage to a property including land (Derbyshire County Council Trading Standard Service 2010, p.1). The Act entitled Mrs. Sharma to a legal claim for the injury suffered by her son and for the glass ceiling lamp

Self Assessment Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Assessment - Personal Statement Example The most important strength that is given by this test to me is introvert, sensing, thinking and judgement. Whereas, the other are the weakness and are usually belongs to the one who are shy and have weak judgement senses. I got ENTJ result in which I agree with N but do not agree with E. the thing is that introvert are usually the more sensible persons as they use to think more and extrovert speaks what they feel. The one who is more bold use to speak what they feel but have less time to think but introvert are the one who use to think more and has more powerful judgement. Moreover, the sensing is the most important factor in self assessment as the sensing only provides results with solid reasons. For example according to strong sense it is clear that the people join the profession according to their type and field and this is practically true also where as the intuitive way do not provide such solid reasons. According to my results and self assessment this ENTJ support my results as this is on more solid reasons and provide the true examples in daily life. The thinking is better than feeling.

Responsible Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responsible Management - Essay Example It is important for every organization to consider the social, economic and environmental systems in which it is operating. In the long-run it is the corporations that develop a long-term vision for their business along with fulfilling their responsibilities towards the society which are able to sustain their development in the economy (Albareda, 2008; Crane et al., 2008). Due consideration of the environment in which the organization is operating will help to ensure that all the functions of the organization are conducted in the right perspective and in an ethical manner. When an organization accepts its involvement in controlling the economic resources of the society, the management will automatically be accountable to the society about the assets used. This level of accountability needs to be conducted on fair grounds and in a sincere manner by the organization. Even in cases where the organization faces losses, it should still maintain its accountability and not indulge in any false practices or excuses. In order to help managements fulfill their social responsibilities several models have been proposed and one such concept is the ‘Triple Bottom Line’ (TBL) (Park & Stoel, 2005). The introduction of this concept acted as a vehicle for proper and clear reporting of the corporation’s environmental, economic and social performance (Ketola, 2009). Performances related to the environment and social concerns can be monitored with the help of this concept. TBL has grown in popularity as it assists an organization in determining the extent to which it is successfully meeting its responsibilities towards the community. The concept of TBL has given a direction to the management in developing the goals and objectives of the organization according to its business environment. By following the guidelines specified in the

Ethical Awareness in Private and Public Sector Employees

Ethical Awareness in Private and Public Sector Employees INTRODUCTION What is ethics? Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which addresses questions about morale; i.e about concepts with a moral dimension to find out what is bad or good, right or wrong. An ethical statement can assert that some particular thing or action is right or may be wrong. Ethics can bring about the difference between good and bad characters or dispositions. It may propound few principles which help in more detailed judgments of these sorts, might be inferred- we can take it for the generalised form of happiness or try to minimize the total suffering of all sentient beings. That it is correct for everyone to look after themselves. Every such statement expresses ethical judgments which embodies generality in different degrees . [J L Mackie 1977] Business ethics Business ethics is that which examines ethical principles, morale or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics,nd) However, there is two different schools of thought in the case of business ethics- one is theoretical and the other one is empirical, points out the importance of ethical judgement in the field of business through different parameters.(Hunt and Vitell,1986,1992)emphasises on the ethical judgement which comes out from a person from his empathy towards deontology and teleology(study of design to lead to a final stage) as his individualistic approach which lead to formulate through cognitive input regarding his intention in behaviour and finally behaviour as a whole.Rest(1986) stresses on four component model comprising of -it is the judgement comes from the justification from the moral values which has an interaction between an individuals perception of issue related to ethics and how it is been given a shape with regard to how to behave. Jones (1991) goes for a contingent model whereas it is the moral intensity which drives decision making in an ethical way and the decision process is the same as outlined by Rest. However in the empirical literature,O Fallond and Butterfield (2005) has found ethical judgement has been a dependant variable with respect to various antecedents like sex of the respondents, education, nationality,race, issue importance,deontological and teleological evaluation etc. John R Sparks, Yu Pan, Etihical Judgements in Business ethics and Research -Definition and Research Agenda, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=9sid=abebe556-be59-4fce-ad12-064b605c3480%40sessionmgr11 Origin of Ethics: The systematic study of what is morally right or wrong can determine that ethics might have originated when humans started to lead the best way of life. This reflective stage emerged once morality creeped into the human society, usually in the form of customary standards of right and wrong conduct. Such customs lead this process of reflection, even if it found them waiting. Ethics also began to come into the picture with the invent of moral codes. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194023/ethics] The concept of ethics historically comes from two different thoughts the Greeks ,Hobbes defines it as egoistic prudence,while on solitude the question of conflict did not arise but when a man comes in contact with the other man ,conflict starts and to restore a social order the rules were evolved without giving any chance of reluctance. However on the other part, the christian teaching has extended on morality to correct our imperfect nature in the line of will of god.these are the most simplified version and cannot cover up complex facts. Noel Preston,Charles sampford and Camel Connors-Encouraging ethics and challenging corruption/http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=17i10ZZu8O4Coi=fndpg=PA3dq=origin+of+ethicsots=q50x9tAay9sig=g3myDyIt_iPahQO2QG0KBkGRxPE#v=onepageq=origin%20of%20ethicsf=false The history of Business ethics can vary depending on the situation or the object under discussion. The history also depends a lot on the historian, the way he or she conceives the subject, what facts he or she seeks to discover or has at hand, and the relative importance the historian gives to those facts. The term business ethics is used in a lot of different ways Business ethics encompasses all the applications pertaining to what are the moral needs and ethical norms of everyday. ( De George, nd),Religion has a condsiderable influence on the behaviour of business persons and they derive their ethical norms from the religion. and apply these norms in their business activities. Business ethics focuses on the moral or ethical actions of individuals. Many people discussing business ethics, immediately resort to examples of immoral or unethical activity by individuals or by an organization. It also includes the criticism of multinational corporations which make use of child labor or lev el of low wage of employees in the less developed countries or who utilize suppliers that run sweat shops. Chandra and Pai (2009) explain that for every individual there are certain factors that affect the way an individual take decisions. They feel that power, centralization of workflow, substitutability of activities, uncertainty of inputs and routinization are the various factors are responsible for controlling the ethical contingencies of any individual. A general framework was being produced by Flanagan(2009) regarding the ethical decision making process. He believes that the characteristics of the decision maker which includes motivation, locus of control, ego strength, knowledge, experience, risk taking abilities, Machiavellianism, etc. and the significant influences such as the organization, work, law, economics, professionalism, technology, family, friends or other opinion leaders are responsible for any decision outcome. These outcomes can be in the form of rewards, performance, satisfaction, feedback, promotion or learning. Aims and objectives of the Research a) Find out the level of ethical awareness amongst the employees in private and public sector companies. b) Comparison of ethical behaviour between private and public sector employees c) Role of management in improving ethical behaviours. d) To what extent the employees in the public and private sector organisation understand the intensity of corruption. e) How can an employee define corruption in his own terms? f) what are the measures taken by the management to educate the employees about the unethical behaviour? BACKGROUND The Indian industrial sector opened up in late 1990s when the various developed countries entered India through modes like FDI etc ,with the relaxation of rules and modifications made in the foreign policies along with the age of outsourcing and boom in IT and BPO sectors , lot of foreign companies outsourced their processes to the developing countries especially to India and China .There is a significant shift in the policy of banking sector with the opening up of Indian markets to the private sector banks as the banking sector was already characterised by a considerable presence of public sector sector banks along with a sizeable number of co-operative banks. In another side ,foreign multinational banks in 2009 were looking towards an opportunity to open up the market further so that they can make an entry into the emerging market .Now there was scenario where in loans were available at a very low interest rates. The capacity to spending of the public is increased and they spent more than what they actually earned ,by relying more on easily available loans they began to buy cars and purchased houses which was prior to the Banking boom was beyond their imagination. This is at the micro level fuelled corruption in the private sector banks as the executives who sanctioned the loans inflated the income statement of these people to prove the financial soundness and in return they indulge in malpractice by entertained by bribery from the clients.This was very common at the grass root level in the developing nations but in macro level it is high multitude decay of ethics and corruption at high level. There have been many a books which have been written on ethics and corruption , everyday we read in news papers articles, journals about companies and government agencies who are found guilty in scams. With respect to literature on ethics and corruption its a sea out there. Where the data from which can be inculcated here in the research is very less, as there are several life experiences which can just be an eye opener, which cannot be found in books or have references. Ethical Theories: Different ethical theories involve differing procedures, implications, and justifications. Ethical theories are based on ethical principles, they emphasize on different aspects of an ethical dilemma. They also lead to ethically correct resolution staying within the guidelines of ethical theories. Banks (2001) has expanded the ethical theories into two types-(1)whereas one is concerned with the action which is principle based ie respect and recognition of owners right to their decision and choices which is deontological and (2)the other one which is oriented with utilititarianism which encompases the role of the moral agent and to examine a relationship between the virtue and care in ethical framework. (Source-Rujla Osmo,Ruth Landau,The role of ethical theories in decision making by social workers,Social Work edition,Volume 25,Number-8(2006),Pages-863-876) Deontology This theory emphasizes on main duty what is to be ethically correct.This theory further elaborated to analyze ethical perplexity where people should follow their obligations and duties in a strict way. (Rainbow C,1996,pp372) As for example ,a dentologist will stick to his promises agreed to a friend and abide by the law. A person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. People with special character are chosen t to perform special duties and obligations. For example, It may have obligation to protect his little sister to cross a busy road together. (http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories.htm ] Utilitarianism The capability to foresee the outcome of an action is the major concern for the utilitarian ethical theory. To an utilitarian, the choice that is ethically correct is the option that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. (Mill S 1963) The ethical theory derives one benefit by applying a point based system to gauge which choice will bring more benefit for a more number of people and an utilitarian can compare similar solution which can be predetermined.Logic and rational shoul be imputed in the argument in connectionwith decision and can be examined case wise. (Mill S 1963)The utilitarianism can be divided into two parts ,one is act utilitarianism and the other is rule utilitarianism.The act utilitarianism is same as the discussed above and this form of utilitarianism is associated with the benefit of the mass irrespective of any binding of law. The fairness is the utmost virtue of rule utilitarianism and it goes by the law. Rule utilitarianism benefits are that it values justice and also includes the beneficence at the same time. Most people are benefitted through the fairest and most just means in rule utilitarian. Further, Hinman (1994) has pointed that Rights theory is the most contemporary theory of ethics and according to utilitarian theory it is the final outcome which has a close relationship with morality however deontologist goes for the correct intention and Rights theory belives that it is the correlation between of duties to respect the others right. introduces the rights and virtues theory stresses on character as the primary factor. (Source-Rujla Osmo,Ruth Landau,The role of ethical theories in decision making by social workers,Social Work edition,Volume 25,Number-8(2006),Pages-863-876) Ethical theories in private and public sector companies : Different ethical perceptions, principles and judgments developed as a result of the differences between public and private-sector organizations. (Sampford C,1998)Unified ethic is instructional and makes possible careful analysis of the proper place of public sector ethics in the context of business, higher education, health care, and law. The public administrators are well-suited to serve as moral exemplars for other professions and for all citizens. . (Sampford C,1998) The notion that public service ought to be the model for ethical conduct in the professions (rather than the other way around) is supportable and provokes new thinking about moral agency and ethics. (Preston N,2002)They provide the necessary foundation for studying public sector ethics by focusing on traditional models arising from moral philosophy. The unified ethic illuminates ethical implications of public administration. It also constructs and culminates by offering an alternative framework for studying ethics. R eay (2009) defines ethics as a set of principles concerning proper conduct. But many authors believe that the definition of ethics changes from one individual to another or from one business to another and everyone has his own definition of ethics depending upon their own set of moral conducts. It is believed that the sense in the moral code comes to ones mind with a judgement whether it is right or wrong,or what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. There are those who think that this moral code should be the same for everyone but it simply cannot be, because all think differently, and all have different upbringings, backgrounds, and experiences. But ethical code of conduct matters to us in every field of life in todays world. The salient features of established ethics models: deontological, teleological, intuitionism and virtue theory are combined to make public administration a moral enterprise. It is a moral enterprise because its sole purpose is to serve public values and public purposes. Moral agency is a part of the profession of public administration. In other words, public administrators must strive always to do that which is morally right. This becomes more important since public administrators are under greater public scrutiny than their private sector counterparts and are more than likely to be held accountable for the decisions they make. (Preston N,2002)Both political and administrative practice are embedded with ethical theories and so are inseparable from governance. (Anne Bois C,2000) says The prime importance of Citizens and public servants are to work towards the promotion, co-operative and meaningful relationships that involve moral examination, theoretical practice ,different ethical de cision making models shows difference in the etical perceptions and comes out with different form of findings , It is through the better communication which can ignite the awareness in factions which eventually led to the difference which is comparative in sense in terms of moral reasoning of personnel in the public as well as private sector. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-20583851/do-public-sector-and.html]. For instance ,it is expected that a public administrator who is bounded by oath is tend to be more deontologist than others which have less attachment to it and are driven by the interest in total in nature as in the case of groups which has a special interest and represents the business. However there might be a difference in motivation between the career officials and the elected officials as the former one concentrates more on his duty and principles while the later is concerned about the consequences as he has to safeguard his re-election. Such kind of person will provoke for more stability and fairness in general in greater quantity and in a challenging situation.An important part of it is whether the public-private personnel will perceive a consequential matter or inclined towards its deontological tendencies.These possibilities will lead to a point of decision to judge the nature of public administration. Understanding the ethical decision-making process and its moderating factors helps to incorporate ethics in private and public institutions. Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is characterized by having good characters, getting to know ones core values and having the courage to live them in all parts life. [http://www.businessballs.com/ethical_management_leadership.htm] Foundations for various modern concepts for work, business and organizations are provided by Ethical principles. The modern concept of ethical organizations encompasses many related issues like corporate social responsibility (CSR) or simply social responsibility, fair-trade, sustainability, social enterprise, well-being at work and life balance and many more aspects of good modern leadership. There are no clear cut definitions or rules of ethics that can define them. In most of the literatures realting to ethical leadership it is the uprightness of the leader which is been stressed and also across the culture it has been on the high priority list and has been an inevitable trait of leadership(Yukl,2001) Ethical leadership also presumed to be consisting of personal traits such as worthy of trust ,honesty while making a decision should practice fairness and honesty which should be present in both personal and professional life of the leader. At the same time leader should exhibit externally in an active manner to influence its followers through its agenda by setting a role model,by communicating ,rewarding and if needed penalise them.(Brown and Trevino,2006)has propounded that the ethical leadership is a normative science at the conjunction of action of a person or personal relationship in between them and finally promoted this kind of conduct in two different way to communicate ,strengthen and decide(Brown et al,2005) Ethical leadership has greater proximity in finding the potential through which they can influence the organisation and people who work for them.But leadership theory is based on value and inner assumptions exploring how they can be influenced as there is no neutral ground for leader as per ethics,but there is a difference between ethics and behaviour.This difference arises due to value judgement of the person, stages through which moral development takes place, intentions takes birth from their consciousness, freedom of choice and how they can use the ethics and no ethics and finally it is the judgement and leadership which influences the quality(Gary Yukl,2001)(Source-Ethical Integrity in Leadership and Organizational Moral Culture, John C. Thoms,University of Sydney, Australia Volume 4, Number 4 (November 2008) Page-419 442,Sage Publication) The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership explains the relationship between beliefs and values and behaviors and actions. The theory has the main intention to bring advancement of common good. (Grace B,1999) model tries to find out position of personal passions which lead to belief and ethics in the research for formal leadership .Leaders work to create an open, two-way conversation, thereby maintaining a charitable understanding of different views, values, and constituents opinions. They are open to others opinions and ideas because they know those ideas make the organization they are leading better. By having â€Å"the right values† or being a person of â€Å"strong character,† the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may occur along the way. At the same time one cannot ignore the value of good character and values which are right as in reality the leadership in ethics far more complicated. and the stakes are much higher. Grace B(1999),In every field of business, the ethical behavior is very important. But in the field of business services, the role of ethics is even greater as it is directly related to humans life. But Murthy (2007) reveals that for the economic and business benefits, some businessmen are neglecting their code of ethics. Although, Nundy (2000) argues that it is only a small portion of the businessmen who do not follow the code of ethics and are bringing a disgrace to the whole community of corporates but still unethical practices are going on in different sectors in various forms. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) explains that ethics is basically a distinct section to meet the creria for bad and good with a duty of mral bound and obliged and these of moral conducts are even true for the business systems in any part of the world. They divide the ethics into two key branches of moral philosophy as descriptive and normative ethics. They further explained descriptive ethics is a branch that is concerned with describing, characterizing and studying the morality of a people, an organization, also what is behind a culture and society.However there is a control parameter to find out of difference and similarity in the moral codes,what is there in the system,practice which draws beliefs and values.Therefore, in descriptive ethics, the key focus remains on learning. But on the other hand, the normative ethics is A systematic approach of supplying and to adjudge the moral tendencies to think and justify.To unveil,develop and establish basic principals in a right way is the motive behind these ethics and finally mould the behaviour,actions and decide what to do.It is here that the business system, particularly in the developing countries, go wrong at following the normative ethics and they violate the ethical code of conduct for their individual benefits. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) has explained three approaches to ethics as conventional approach (based on how normal society views ethics in todays environment), principles approach (based upon the use of ethics principles or guidelines to direct behavior, action and policies) and ethical tests approach (based on short practical questions to guide ethical decisions guiding the behavior). But seeing the business practices as a concern, the conventional approach to ethics is essentially an approach where one can compare a decision, practice or policy with prevailing norms of acceptability and say whether the practice followed is ethical or unethical. The conventional approach defines some of the sources of norms that come to bear on the individual and that might give an idea for the unethical behavior of the businessmen around the world today. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) The various sources that may influence a businessman to follow up an unethical practice may include family, friends, law, religious beliefs, society, employer, profession, culture and fellow workers. Each of these attributes contributes in one or the other way to force the business Enterprises to follow the unethical practices for their individual benefits either business or economic. One of possible example for motivating a professionals to follow unethical practices can be an urge to earn more money to satisfy the needs of the family members. This urge of getting more money leads him to follow unethical practices to earn quick money. But there exists a reason for the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises because whenever he or she makes a decision about what is being ethical (right, just, fair), the conventional approach comes into picture. The decision being taken consists of three elements where in the first step, the observation is of the decision, action and the existing practice in the workplace. After that the practice is compared with the prevailing norms of acceptability and then the recognition of the value judgments with the prevailing norms of acceptability. This means for the same set of actions, the two persons have different ways of looking it as they have different et of prevailing norms of acceptability Feiglstok (2009)The diagram for ethical decision making gives a wider view for an individual decision regarding ethics. The diagrams depicts the business Enterprises following the unethical practices can be put in the area . This is an area where the corporates get a profit following the unethical practices but they need to be very cautious while doing the unethical work. The various business enterprises in the developing countries are ready to take such a risk because of the inefficient legal system in these countries. They take benefit of the existing lenient laws in these countries and follow the unethical practices to make quick money. Weaver (2009 )The business enterprises usually follow the principle of Smiths Market Ethic which says that take selfish actions and be motivated by personal gains in business dealings. But as the reason of their actions for unethical behavior, they follow the Bentham/Mills Utilization Ethic Principle which asks an individual to determine whether the harm in an action is outweighed by the good. So, these parctioners have numerous reasons which can outweigh the unethical action by a good cause. Weaver (2009) reveals that a recent survey conducted by the American Management Association and the Human Resource Institute identified the top three factors that would cause people to break the ethical standards. The factors included the pressure to meet unrealistic objectives or deadlines, career advancement and protecting their livelihood. In case of the business Enterprises the later two reasons play a very important role for encouraging following the unethical practices. For establishing their practice in a very short span of time and for increasing the volumes of clients coming to visit them, these business Feiglstok (2009) supports the ethics in an organization by Which reveals that the ethichs outweighs heavily the non ethical form of business.Integrity and truthfulness has a number a reasons for a right decision making. This includes the honesty towards work and various humanitarian reasons. He also believes that working for an organization in an ethical manner or working as individual for the profession in an ethical manner gives self satisfaction to an individual which cannot be obtained even if one earns good money by following the unethical practices. Unethical Practices in Industry Decades back, business was considered as a good profession and almost all corporates were not money minded people. But the time has changed and all wants to be established in their life very quickly and for that they will choose the short cut. (Theyyunni, 2008). So, young and inexperienced business Enterprises have started following the path of short cut by taking the unethical path which is beneficial in terms of business as well as economics. Although Watts (2008) criticizes the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises by quoting â€Å"Not All Money is Good Money† but still it depends upon business Enterprises to take their own ethical decisions. In many of the developing countries, The public sector employee has a intuition that they can work in the private sector which can bring a hefty amount with facilities and if they practice privately with legal binding which is strict or controlled. Public offices may operate their own private offices and manage the income from them, or may allow work for private gain on their premises, as when corporates admit private clients and are paid directly by them. (Mills, Bennett, McPake, 1997) This overlapping of the private and public sectors gives birth to the existence of certain unethical practices for the personal benefits by certain individuals. Garretts principle of proportionality supports the view of the business Enterprises in developing countries around the world by saying these Enterprises have a proportional reason for the unethical practices which are very much needed along with the ethical practices that are followed. It believes one such proportionate reason is the low wage to business sector. Smith (1999) says that with reference to NHS in UK, the professional bodies and the government departments have a very little to say on these unethical practices. Nundy (2000) gives emphasis to a cover up for the medical facilities and at the same time provide a protective shield to the public from incorrupt and inefficient corrupt business practice. Unethical Practices in India The position of India has not been impressive in the worldwide corruption perception index(CPI) ,as it is ranked 74 with a drop in the two rank among the 180 countries in the world disclosed by independent international agency.In comparison to India countries like Srilanka,Maldives, Pakistan,Libya,Iran and Nepal had a higher magnitude of corruption as they are ranked even lower.But China was ranked 72 in the last year alongwith India but due to fall in the position of India ,china is two position better. (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Corruption-index-India-ranked-74/327777/ With the fast development of various sectors in India, the unethical practices are also increasing in the business sector in India. Sharma (2004) has however preached that the public sector in India need to be strengthened and restructured in an urgent manner. Apart from quacks and outright fakes, even qualified business practitioners know that they can get away with malpractice because clients do not know their rights. With the exponential growth of the private sector, there is an urgent need for regulation to protect users. (Sharma, 2004) Dev and Rao (2009) support the allegations of Sharma by quoting that the recent expansion of the private sector and the increased investment in the field of the curative services and the various sophisticated business equipments have increased the corruption in the private practices in the business sector in India. They explain that the payment to touts who get the clients for offices and to the corporates who refer clients has become a common practice in India Colclough (1997) explains commission to corporates who prescribe expensive investigations and procedures which are often unnecessary as another form of unethical practice and corruption in business sector in India. Dev and Rao (2009) criticize the unethical Indian corporates in the private sector putting them responsible for kickbacks, overbilling and expensive procedures. Phadke (2009) reveals though the client knows about the malpractice but he is afraid to bargain or to show lack of trust because of the fear that this might adversely affect the persons attitude towards the client and in turn, may affect the quality of the service provided. The picture of the business sector gets more clear while having a look at the PEST Analysis done by Holtz (2008) who alleges the lower annual per capita ($ 20) spending of the Indian government on of the public sector i.e the healthcare and the under-developed private health insurance in India which spends only 1% of the total spending on healthcare as major political reasons for the unethical practices in India Sharma (2004) critically argues the claims made by the other authors and says that majority of the population in the various developing countries is uneducated about the governmental structure of business sector and moreover, the inaccessibility of the services in a rural area with densely populated areas can be treated as primary reasons for the increased importance of the business Enterprises which further leads to following up of unethical practices by few individuals. Holtz (2008) shares a different view and feels that low wages to employees and staff in government services are the primary reasons responsible for the existence of the unethical practices in the business sector. Cygnus Business Consulting Research Pvt. Ltd. (2008) criticizes the governments for having access to less high-tech equipments with them as compared to private organizations. One of the other i